Cultural Appropriation Of The United States - 1790 Words

It has become one of the leading issues especially in the United States in the past few years. In the world today, many people are witless as to what is cultural appropriation. Cultural appropriation defines as when one culture adopts an element of another culture. (Uwujaren 9/30/13) When it comes to Cultural appropriation a lot of the South Asian culture get appropriated. Being a South Asian myself I feel obligated to let people know. There are many examples of cultural appropriation today, such as henna tattoos, bindi’s, sports team names, and even clothes. These cultures or traditions have become a fad for people, especially in America. People who are within the culture tend to get offended when their culture is made into a fad. There are many arguments in newspapers, blogs, and articles that are against cultural appropriation. I, myself have come upon many posts on Tumblr.com that have to do with Cultural appropriation. Huffingtompost.com also has multiple articles on the subject. One of the cultures that has been appropriated is Henna. Henna tattoos also known as mehndi have become a sort of fashion in America for the past year. One can get henna tattoos applied anywhere at any time. Yet the majority of Americans who go to carnivals, theme parks, and rodeos have no idea where henna originates from and what it is actually meant for. â€Å"Henna tattoos originated from subcontinent India before Pakistan.† (Parmer 11/13) It is meant to be put on during happy occasions such asShow MoreRelatedCultural Appropriation From A White Perspective. Cultural927 Words   |  4 PagesCultural Appropriation from A White Perspective Cultural appropriation is, ‘the ridiculous notion that being of a different culture or race (especially white) means that you are not allowed to adopt things from other cultures† (urban dictionary). A majority of whites feel this way but that is because they do not have a full understanding of the topic. Cultural appropriation is the adoption or use of the elements of one culture by members of another culture, however cultural appropriation typicallyRead MoreCultural Appropriation646 Words   |  3 PagesBenefits of Appropriation. In a world of increasingly rampant globalization aided by advancements in transportation and technology, cultural exchange has become a daily event that spans across continents in less than a second. A product of this exchange, however, has been increasingly on the receiving end of criticism during recent years. A specific term has been commonly adopted and used to summarize this wave of disapproval: Cultural appropriation. Seen by some as a sort of cultural, exploitiveRead MoreCultural Appropriation And Its Effect On Society1640 Words   |  7 Pagesregarding race and inequality. One of these major discussions regards cultural appropriation, which is an infamous problem around Halloween. Many individuals are confused by this concept of appropriating culture simply because they cannot distinguish the line between appreciation and appropriation. Thus, these blurred lines lead to offending cultures as well as perpetuating privileges and disadvantages within society. Cultural appropriation, often defined as an â€Å"adoption of elements of one culture by membersRead MoreArguement Analysis on Cultural Appropriation597 Words   |  3 Pagescultures being incorporated into the fashions trends, movies, and in commercial use. The term, â€Å"cultural appropriation†, comes into use when discussing the problems Native Americans face in society today. It is defined as â€Å"the taking- from a culture that is not one’s own-of intellectual property, cultural expressions or artifacts, history and the ways of knowledge† (Tsosie 310). Cultural appropriation today under the liberal tradition follow these suppositions â€Å"if non-Indians want to dress up likeRead MoreCultural Appropriation in Advertising, Governments and Fashion1571 Words   |  7 PagesCULTURAL APPROPRIATION IN ADVERTISING, GOVERNMENTS AND FASHION TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS: Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS i. INTRODUCTION 1. CHAPTER 1: Cultural ownership- taboo. 2. CHAPTER 2: Freedom, Liberty and war inside a government. 3. CHAPTER 3: Native American for just a day. 4. CONCLUSION 5. LIST OF SOURCES 6. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE: Page Fig. 1. Howard Zieff, You don’t have to be Jewish toRead MoreEffects Of Cultural Appropriation On The Fashion Industry1316 Words   |  6 PagesJulia Raffa English 1110.01 David Winter 23 October 2015 The Effects of Cultural Appropriation in the Fashion Industry The fashion industry is one of the most prevalent and visible forms of influence on today’s society. Billboards, malls, magazines, TV, movies, advertisements, runways, etc. are filled with fashion campaigns usually distributed to make a statement and to influence the consumers. Often times, the fashion industry engages in offensive promotions like romanticizing eating less andRead MoreCultural Appropriation And Its Effects On Minority Culture948 Words   |  4 Pagesthe amount of cultural appropriation that occurs around them. Westerners are blinded by cultural mockery and cultural appropriation without realizing its offensive effects to minority groups. During the Halloween holiday, in Western culture, people of all ages dress up in a variety of costumes such as horror themed, fairy tale themed, job themed, cultural themed and much more. Harvard University members have argued that a cultural themed costume is a form of cultural appropriation. Also in WesternRead MoreAmeric The Multinational Society884 Words   |  4 PagesThe Multinational Society,† Ishmael Reed gives his readers no context for his expertise in the subject of multiculturalism, though he is black and has seen first-hand his family’s culture mixed with other cultures present in the United States. His best examples of cultural blending happening, and indeed being a positive thing, is when he compares the attitude of xenophobes to those of the actual colonial-era Puritans, who were a stunningly brutal people. Reed’s examples of the failings of other societiesRead MoreThe Importance Of Food And Food Appropriation961 Words   |  4 PagesFood and cultural appropriation: a topic that has sparked many controversies in recent years. Food and cultural appropriation is the act of taking a part of another culture other than your own and using it for your own profit. Two recent articles discuss this issue and provide different insight to how we should be handling the problem regarding food appropriation. Food editor of Uproxx.com, Steve Bramucci, with the help of three other food writers discuss a main controversy in the food world andRead MoreThe Importance Of Cultural Appropriation978 Words   |  4 PagesIn a world so cruel, one judge another in a blink of an eye. Cultural Appropriation appears to be an enormous problem, not just in America, but all around the world. Cultural Appropriation is using or taking ideas from another culture, especially without showing an understanding or respect for this culture (Young 6). According to research, it is one of the biggest â€Å"must be discussed† topics, and it does not help or benefit anyone in any type of way. It creates a massive division of cultures, and

What Makes Up A Leader - 1653 Words

What makes up a leader? Leadership is a common and a simple word but rather very difficult word to define. Leadership can be defined in different ways: it is an act of influencing activities of an organized group in its quest to set goals and also to achieve certain goals. He also defined leadership to mean the influence that somebody exercises in a situation by means of communication in order to attain a specified goal. However in order to be a leader you require a variety of qualities. A good leader is one who doesn’t know everything: trying to imagine that effective leadership is related to knowing everything is one of the most dangerous misconceptions in the field of leadership. So as much as the final decision and responsibility lies†¦show more content†¦In the political view, Mussolini in his youth was a socialist, but when he was going to war he saw nationalism as the answer, he organized veterans and other discontented Italians into the Fascist party. Hitler t ried to follow Mussolini’s example by staging a small-scale coup in Munich, but he was soon put in behind bars. While, he was imprisoned he wrote, Mein Kampf, which was later the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology, this reflected Hitler’s obsessions- extreme nationalism, â€Å"master race† of Aryans, or light-skinned Europeans, whose greatest enemies were the Jews. Also, Hitler came up with the Third Reich, which he wanted to boast the German master race, he also launched large public works programs to combat the Great Depression. Also in difference, Mussolini had the Black Shirts, party militants, that rejected the democratic process in favor of violent action, supported him and was also supported by the Pope Pius XI, and the Nazi supported Hitler, and later learned that he demanded obedience. Also, another difference these two leaders had is where they stood as a leader; Mussolini took the title II Duce, â€Å"The Leader,† and Hitler was the leader o f the National Socialist German Workers Party, also known as the Nazi Party, and was elected

Exploring Vincent Van Goghs Painting Shoes Essay Example For Students

Exploring Vincent Van Goghs Painting Shoes Essay He believed that colors had their own meaning and many expressive possibilities; thanks to them he was able to exhibit his emotions to the world. Although, Im not a huge fan of the post-impressionist era, Van Sagos works hold something intriguing and appealing to me. His use of the broad brushstrokes, sloppier angles and darker colors create a very masculine aura in his pieces; you will never say that those paintings belong to a woman. Also the fact that this man sold only one painting in his entire lifetime, When he created over 900 paintings and 1000 drawings, makes me think about reasons and circumstances that would have brought about that affect. Every time visit the Metropolitan Museum, I always try to find the time to go and look at Van Sagos artworks. Usually his Self. Portrait with a Straw Hat was the one I liked the most, but recently his Shoes, which was painted in 1888 (just two years before his death), sparked my curiosity and forced me to question myself why shoes? Now that during his lifetime he created several shoe-related paintings, but the question still remains the same, why did he choose shoes? What influenced/ motivated him? For what purpose did he draw them? After a brief research, an even say that no one else drew such an object. It was very unusual and uncommon for the nineteenth century, Exploring the Shoes painting, we can note how the lines arc Roland the shoe on the right hand side. In s ome paintings this aura effect can be rather jarring, but in this case, it is quite understated. Van Gogh is claimed to have suffered from terrible migraines, which are known to cause visual effects such as auras around objects and exaggerated, swirling colors. A lot of experts even suggest that there could actually be a connection between Van Sagos migraines and his unique visual style. He uses the geometric shapes such as triangles around the opening of the shoes to make them kick Old and used. The laces are also presented in a crimped, sharper pattern, suggesting a stiffness of time and wear. The palette of browns and taupes, mixed With splashes Of colors: burnt sienna, yellow, turquoise, blood- orange and cyan, is the aspect that makes this piece stand out; its a very special way Of using colors that dont go well together (on a regular basis). Looking at the subject matter shoes you have a feeling that they had just been taken off and thrown on the floor. You can notice every crack in the leather, appearing as if it was earned from tramping through the streets or the fields. The medium of this painting is oil on canvas and measures 18 x 21 3/in. R 45. 7 x 55. 2 CM. (Accession Number 1992. 374). After reading Cliff Edwards book, The Shoes of Van Gogh: A Spiritual and Artistic Journey to the Ordinary, can say that even though he suffered from multiple illnesses ? poor digestion and a bad stomach, hallucinations, nightmares, stupor, absent mindedness, impotence, insomnia, and anxiety (to name a few) he always tried to find beauty in the everyday life, n the things that o ther people took for granted, and then illustrated them in his paintings. If you take a look at his creations, youll notice that all Of them are very down to earth. Nothing godlike or divine. Even though such impressionists as Claude Monet and Pierre-Augusta Renoir significantly influenced Van Gogh with their color palettes and use of light, he was usually inspired by the actual objects that he saw sunflowers, his room, a chair and not something non. Existent in real life, Thats why his stream of shoe-related paintings A Pair of Shoes (1 885),

Womens Rights (784 words) Essay Example For Students

Womens Rights (784 words) Essay Womens RightsBeginning in the mid-19th century, several generations of woman suffragesupporters lectured, wrote, marched and disobeyed many rules to change in the Constitution. parades, silence and hunger strikes where used to demonstrate the need for a change in the constitution. Women struggled for their rights ,and they struggled equally to black americans who desired voting rights as well(The Fifteenth Amendment., Susan Banfield pp.11-20). Women had it difficult in the mid-1800s to early 1900s. There was a difference in the treatment of men and women. Married women were legally concidered a property of the man they married in the eyes of the law. Women were not allowed to vote. Married women had no property rights. Women were not allowed to enter professions such as medicine or law. Women had no means to gain an education since no college or university would accept women students. Then the first Womens Rights Convention was held on July 19 and 20 in 1848(What’s Right with America., Dwight Bohmach pp.261). The convention was convened as planned, and over the two-days of discussion, the Declaration of Sentiments and 12 resolutions received agreement endorsement, one by one, with a few amendments(http://www.nara.gov/education/teaching/woman/home.html). The only resolution that did not pass unanimously was the call for womens authorization. That women should be allowed to vote in elections was impossible to some. At the convention, debate over the womans vote was the main concern. We will write a custom essay on Womens Rights (784 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Womens Rights Conventions were held on a regular basis from 1850 until the start of the Civil War. Some drew such large crowds that people had to be turned away for lack of meeting space. The womens rights movement of the late 19th century went on to address the wide range of issues talked about at the Seneca Falls Convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and women like Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, and Sojourner Truth, who were pioneer theorists, traveled the country lecturing and organizing for the next forty years. Winning the right to vote was the key issue, since the vote would provide the means to accomplish the other reforms. The campaign for womans right to vote ran across continous opposition that it took 72 years for the women and their male supporters to win (When Hens Crow : the Womans Rights Movements in Antebellum America pp.66). During the Womens Rights Movement, women faced incredible obstacles to win the American civil right to vote, which was later won in 1920.There were some very important women involved in the Womens Right Movement. Esther Morris, who was the first woman to hold a judicial position, who led the first successful state campaign for womans right to vote, in 1869(What’s Right with America., Dwight Bohmach pp.260-263). Abigail Scott Duniway, the leader of the successful fight in the early 1900s. Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Mary Church Terrell, arrangers of thousands of African-American women who worked for the right to vote for all women. Anna Howard Shaw and Carrie Chapman Catt, leaders of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in the early years of the 20th century, who got the campaign to its final success. If the suffrage movement had not been so ignored by historians, women like Lucretia Mott, Carrie Chapman Catt and Alice Paul would be as familiar to us as Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, or Martin Luther King, Jr. We would know how men took away the right to vote. We would know how women were betrayed after the Civil War, defeated and often cheated in election after election, and how they were forced to fight for their rights against the opposition, with virtually no financial, legal, or political power of their own. If the history of the suffrage movement was better known, we would understand that democracy, for the first 150 years of our nations existence, excluded more than half of the population. And we would realize that this situation changed only after one of the most remarkable and successful nonviolent efforts the world has ever seen. The suffragists nonviolent approach was a logical strategy since a remarkable number of the movements prominent leaders, including Lucre tia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, and Alice Paul, were Quakers and pacifists. They were committed to peaceful resistance and they were opponents of war and violence. And, they were clear about their goal: not victory over men, but equality with men. .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd , .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd .postImageUrl , .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd , .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd:hover , .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd:visited , .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd:active { border:0!important; } .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd:active , .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4c3d4763103592df74e392512de00fbd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Darwin's Natural Selection EssayWomen won the vote. They were not given it or granted it. Women won it as truly as any political campaign is ultimately won or lost. And they won it by the slimmest of margins, which only underscores the difficulty and magnitude of their victoriesHistory Essays

Intercultural Language Use

Intercultural Language Use Culture and language can be termed as brothers since they go together. It is proven that no language or culture that can stand by itself. The reason behind it is that where you will find a culture, there will be a certain language. For instance if you go to America you will find the culture there goes together with the language.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intercultural Language Use specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Like in when a child is born, definitely the child will be exposed to the surroundings and this plays a great role in enabling him or her become part and parcel of the cultural team. Both culture and language in a child is modeled by the people around them. (Jandt, 2004, p.187) A variety of disciplinary perspective for many years showed the relationship between language and culture. Different philosopher like linguists, anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists among other had different views in und erstanding cultural issue manipulating the facet of human behavior including cognition, perception, language and communication. It was during this time when An American linguist and anthropologist, Edward Sapir introduced the power of language to echo culture. (Jandt, 2004, p.188) In his hypothesis he confirmed that the manner in which we reflect and analysis the world verifies our language. He added that the cases of cultural language disparities have proven that some languages have precise words for thought while other languages utilize numerous words to stand for a precise notion. It is in this article where Edward Sapir showed that cultural differences have also been renowned in the method in which language is used practically. In their culture, innovative skills are normally trained and taught through oral tuition. It also said that in other cultures, innovative expertises are trained through nonverbal watching. He finally added that the dissimilarities in the societal tasks of adults and children are influenced by the language used. (Soler Jordan, 2008, p.12) The connection of language and culture attracted the interest of both theorectians and practitioners. It was during this period when Robert Lado the first person to compare the native culture and target culture and connected them to be a source of culture and language. In between 1970 and 1980, many areas in the world especially America, their researchers researched and debated the verbal discrepancy viewpoints. These viewpoints challenged anybody who never used Standard English and did not have an official language and termed that as verbally poor living.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though the oral view point has been confirmed unacceptable, it is clearly understood that the research done was to either sustain or dishonor that perspective as it was said by Bernstein one of the philosophers. This spiritual thought led to the differences in the way s language is used in different cultures and the way in which the language reflects the culture and it’s worldwide. (Soler Jordan, 2008, p.15) It was during this time when Bereiter and Engelmann dug deep in researching the language and culture as the article clarifies. These people did a lot in studying language dissimilarities among social groups including focal point and inferior income collection and tribal groups. The central part of the research recognizes precise dissimilarities in the way children from dissimilar socioeconomic and racial settings used language in and out of school. The suggestion of this research according to the article shows that it was widely argued and understood in dissimilar ways. (Jandt, 2004, p.192) Like in 1971, Basil Bernstein came up with dissimilar linguistic system used by children from inferior to central income families in England. This system led to different sy stems in level of living since the inferior income families used â€Å"restricted code† while the central income families used â€Å"elaborated code† (Jandt, 2004, p.193) where as the differences were not left behind even to places like in schools that led to a total difference in culture and language. It is also in this article, where it proofs that the language used by African American children was not an official language. They therefore opted that these children required serious coach in English in the school setting as it was researched by both Bereiter and Englemann. This was brought about in order to stick in the culture and language of the area. (Soler Jordan, 2008, p.18) There after another researcher came to defend the African America who saw how black people were seen inferior and argued that they should be given room to have their English. In his statistics it straight confronted the oral deficit theory since it recognized the detailed and systematic lingu istic belongings of Black English. In his research he argued that the Black English should be given room to stand by their own pertaining language. By doing this, the differences in which language and culture reflected each other were seen worldwide. (Jandt, 2004, p.195)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intercultural Language Use specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Language and culture are two terms that go together and they have a great impact in the world we live in. it has been proven that language and culture starts from the beginning of someone’s life. For instance you will find that a child will definitely grow according to the language and culture he or she has found. Although mingling of people is trying to cut short culture and language, every society is trying to put its language and culture in to existence. References List Jandt, F. (2004).Intercultural communication: a global reader. SAGE, pp.185-225. Soler, E., Jordan, M. (2008).Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning. Springer, pp. 11-29.

Discounts in Mandarin Chinese

Discounts in Mandarin Chinese Everyone loves a discount. The bigger the better. When youre shopping, its always a good idea to keep a  lookout for good deals and discount signs. If youre shopping or bartering in China or Taiwan, make sure to understand how discounts work in Chinese. Otherwise, you might end up paying for a price much higher than you expected! When it comes to Mandarin Chinese discounts, they are expressed the opposite of English. In English, discount signs are labeled as X% off. In Chinese stores, discount signs will tell you the percentage of the original price that you now have to pay.   So don’t get too excited when something is marked 9 折 (jiÇ” zhà ©); that doesnt mean 90% off. It means you can buy it for 90% of its regular price – a 10% discount. The format for discounts is number 折. Western (Arabic) numbers are used instead of Chinese characters. Here are some examples: 7 折qÄ « zhà ©30% off5 折wÇ” zhà ©50% off2.5 折à ¨r diÇŽn wÇ” zhà ©75% off You might be confused as to how 7 refers to 70% rather than 7%, 5 refers to 50% rather than 5%, and so on. This is because 7  Ã¦Å Ëœ means 0.7 times the price. If an item originally costs $100 but has a  7  Ã¦Å Ëœ discount, then the final cost is 0.7 x $100, or $70.   So when looking out for discount signs in Chinese, remember that the smaller the number, the bigger the discount.

Health Systems and Healthcare Systems Coursework - 5

Health Systems and Healthcare Systems - Coursework Example Key among the roles of the government is to provide every Nigerian access to basic healthcare facilities without discrimination. In Nigeria, primary health care services are available in both the rural and urban areas. The agencies provide basic care to citizens regardless of their class or status. There are various aspects supporting the evaluation of the primary health care services in Nigeria. Primary health care services also include training on prevailing health problem and techniques of controlling and preventing the problems. It ensures proper nutrition among citizens and promotion of food supply and childcare, family planning immunization and prevention against major infectious diseases. There is significant evidence in the health promotion interventions making active enhancement of human health care. Primary healthcare also concerns the satisfaction of health- related Millennium Development Goals among the marginalized group and poor members of the population. World health organization (WHO) applies health promotion techniques to health and related social system and various risk factors including disease and health issues. Organizations are concerned with improving the quality of life by performing health promotion services. Health promotion has crucial roles to play in fostering public health policies and health -supportive environments promoting positive social conditions and skills promoting healthy lifestyles (Boman & Isiaka 2015, p.1). World health organization supports the country in improving infrastructure for organizing planning and initiating multispectral health policies and programs in Nigeria. Health system concentrates towards health promotion promotions initiatives including and their capabilities geared towards promoting health. There are advocacy and social mobilization for policy in support of health

Motivation and Retention of Adult Online Sophomore Students Research Proposal - 1

Motivation and Retention of Adult Online Sophomore Students - Research Proposal Example The purpose of the study is to find out â€Å"Why the level of adult online dropout is increasing and how to motivate and retain the adult online sophomore students?† Various issues that may lead to an online dropout may vary from issue of isolation, disconnectedness to technological problems. According to an online survey conducted to understand the various reasons of online dropouts of sophomore students, reasons are varied and unique to each individual dropout. Although there are very less literature work as well as national statistics on online adult sophomore dropouts, a recent report published in â€Å"Chronicle of Higher Education† indicates that â€Å"Institutions report dropout rates ranging from 20 to 50 percent for online learners and administrators of online courses agree that dropout rates are often 10 to 20 percentage points higher in online offerings than in their face-to-face counterparts† (Frankola, n.d.). The Institute for Higher Education Policy (IHEP), in a research report conducted in the 1999, on the effectiveness of online learning, found that there are higher rate of sophomore dropouts in online learning than the traditional institutions. There are two theories which may provide an outline on dropout of online adult sophomore students. Tinto’s Student Integration Model and Bean’s Model of Student Departure are the two theories. The â€Å"Tinto’s Student Integration Model theory theorizes how well the individual’s motivation and academic ability match the institution’s academic and social characteristics. This match shapes a person’s commitment to completing college and commitment to the institution. The second theory, Bean’s Model of Student Departure, predicts persistence based on behavioral intention† (Willging & Johnson, 2004, p. 104). According to the US Census Bureau (2000), â€Å"one in every three Americans is a sophomore dropout†. It is becoming a

Sensory Perceptions Essay Example for Free

Sensory Perceptions Essay Three reasons for believing in the accuracy or inaccuracy of sensory information is perception, interpretation, and knowledge. Perception is our sensory experience of the world around us and involves both the recognition of environmental stimuli and actions in response to these stimuli (Bagley, 2004). Through the perceptual process, we gain information about properties and elements of the environment that are critical to our survival. Perception not only creates our experience of the world around us, and it also allows us to act within our environment. Interpretation is a communication process, designed to reveal meanings, and relationships of our cultural and natural heritage, through involvement with objects, artifacts, landscapes and sites. Interpretation is how we perceive certain situations through our own thoughts and beliefs. Knowledge is a familiarity with someone or something, which can include facts, information, descriptions, or skills acquired through experience or education. It can refer to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject), and it can be more or less formal or systematic. The definitions of perception, interpretation, and knowledge are closely entwined when it comes to the accuracy or inaccuracy of sensory information because people perceive all information differently. People have different interpretation of life and how they view certain topics. What may be true to you may not be true to me. Knowledge depends on the experience level of the person involved. Sensory data is your senses, which are seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, tasting, and feeling of motion, movement, and gravity. All this information from our senses is collected in the brain, then organized and used for all of our activities. According to Kirby/Goodpaster, 2007, our senses do not operate effectively when we are sick, drowsy, or tired. The world is not always what it seems on the surface and therefore our perception becomes misconstrued. Because our brain feeds and process information about sights, sounds, textures, smells, tastes and movement in an organized way, we put meaning to our sensory experiences, therefore, we are able to respond and behave accordingly. We may not see the world as it is that’s where accuracy of sensory information is determined. False information can be provided with just alone senses but working together with the accuracy of sensory information will make the chances greater. Three reasons to believe in the accuracy of sensory information are; the ability to use our senses to provide data so that our brain can identify the truth senses help tie the brain and emotions together, and gives the mind the potential to determine what reality is. The reasons listed above are extremely important when it comes to the accuracy of sensory information because there will be consequences that would mean you’re changing the world around you. The idea of subjective reality asserts that reality and of the â€Å"truths† in the universe changes between individuals (Kirby Goodpaster, 2007). Meaning, although there may be objective truths in the universe, each person perceives these truths and experiences them differently, and because of everyone’s own unique perspective of the world, each lives in their own world existing in an altered state of objective reality (Kirby Goodpaster, 2007). Sense perception all comes down to being able to exist in a world we know it. Sensory data relies heavily on experience. So therefore, nature and nurture plays a role in a person’s behavior. A person may be born with the same behavioral patterns as their parents, but it might take a certain experience to make the behavior come forth. The different situations people experience makes a huge difference on their sensory data. They may change their perceptions based on the good experiences and bad experiences in their life. It is appropriate to separate the contributions of genetics and experience when measuring the sensory data among individuals because every individual carries different genes and is also raised differently. Nature and nurture will always be an issue, because there is no way of telling what affects a person more. We are all different and I don’t believe that we are supposed to figure out why we are the way we are.

Culture Shock in The American Expatriate Community Essay -- Social Iss

Dealing with Culture Shock in American Expatriate Community The American expatriate community is the population of all Americans that are temporarily or permanently living outside the borders of the United States. These overseas-Americans, numbering over 6.32 million strong (Association for American Residents Overseas), confront many issues when they leave their homeland and transition to a new life in a foreign country. These issues can include dealing with the local language or trying to unravel the esoteric tax laws overseas workers must follow. One of the major issues that American expatriates (or â€Å"expats†) confront is the issue of culture shock (Top Eight). Culture shock, in general, is the stress a person may feel experiencing an unfamiliar way of life after immigration, visiting a new country, or a move between social environments (Macionis and Gerber 54). Culture shock results from differences in culture like language or values toward personal space or cleanliness. Cultural differences that cause culture shock have been classified by Annelies E. M. Van Vianen, Irene E. De Pater, Amy L. Kristof-Brown and Erin C. Johnson in their article â€Å"Fitting In: Surface- and Deep-Level Cultural Differences and Expatriates' Adjustment" as being either â€Å"surface-level† differences or â€Å"deep-level† differences (700). Surface-level differences are those differences that are readily apparent to new expats. These would be things like food, housing conditions, climate and other easily observable aspects that a tourist would notice on vacation. Other aspects of a culture, like beliefs and values (such as openness to change and attitudes toward self-advancement), are classified as deep-level differences. An expat will only recognize de... ...ra. â€Å"A Needs-Driven Approach to Expatriate Adjustment and Career Development: A Multiple Mentoring Perspective† Journal of International Business Studies , Vol. 36, No. 5 (Sep., 2005), pp. 519-538, JSTORS. Web. 4 Apr. 2012 Schilling, Maria.†Avoid Expat Culture Shock† HR Magazine, July 1993, FindArticles.com. Web. 12 Apr, 2012. "Shaking Hands Around the World." Welcome to Wisc-Online.com. Wisc-Online. Web. 01 Mar. 2012. . "The Top Eight Expat Concerns According to HSBC." Expat Info Desk. ExpatInfoDesk International Limited, 4 May 2011. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. Weeks, Kelly P., Mathew Weeks, and Katherine Willis-Muller. "The Adjustment of Expatriate Teenagers." Personnel Review 39.1 (2010): 24-43. Emerald Insight. Emerald Insight. Web. 27 Feb. 2012. .

Communication Barries Essay

Communication is the imparting or exchanging information and news with people around us. Therefore, communication is an important theme for our daily life. Without communications well in this generation, people may cause conflict between each other. Communication as well contains barriers like non-verbal signals, language, pre-judgement, relationships, listening, systems and emotional responses. According to my past communication barriers that I have experienced, in the past, I do not know how to speak or read in Chinese because I have study and use to the environment there in English primary school since I was young. After I finished my primary school, I entered the secondary school. I have found out that I am having difficulties to communicate with my schoolmates and teacher and they can’t communicate well with me. Moreover, in the secondary school now, as a Chinese student, the Chinese students are compulsory to attend Chinese classes and take the Chinese subject as a main subject other than the bahasa subject. Not just that, I often having misunderstanding with my classmates with my language too. Next, I have also found that their lifestyle was totally different from me. For example, every Friday, the Muslim’s student will have to go for their pray in the noon of 12pm so that we also have to stop our class lesson on 12pm every Friday. In this situation, I have analyzed the problem that I am not use to it in my secondary school. First of all, I am having the problem of one of the communication barrier, language. The meaning in English to Chinese and Malay have various of different meaning that I can’t crop up and sometimes I could misunderstanding what are they trying to send me a message in a conversation. Next, the cultural problem. I may have not use to their cultural in the Malay secondary school. For example, I did not know that in the Chinese culture of sending them clock as a gift by meaning sending them off to death. Not just that, I have found out that Malay could not eat non-halal foods while the Chinese can’t eat cows. Lastly, the listening problem. As I use to the English’s school environment, sometimes I could misunderstand of my classmate speak to me. It is hard for me to crop up by sudden changing of my environment lifestyle. In order for me to encounter that I faced, I have been study and doing some research of language in my secondary school. I was impelled to follow up to the tuition classes to strengthen my Chinese and Malay’s language. Not just that, during my school time, I was practicing language with my classmates or even noted down that words to look for the dictionary to find out the meaning. As for the cultural problem, my classmates told me about their cultural lifestyle during recess or free time. I have learned one of the Malay’s lifestyle of eating by using the right hand. Moreover, if there any special occasion, my classmate would invite me to their house to celebrate with them so that I could easily understand their culture. Lastly, the listening, I encountered the problem by asking them to repeat or explain of what are they trying to message me during our conversation.

DataDot Case Study on HRM

In Practice Introduction A young high-tech company, Tattoo, has grown rapidly during the last few years and it is very clear that the CEO, Paul, has kept the entrepreneurial spirit of the company. Due to the rapid growth, there has been a restructure of the company with now three managers in three business units; although, the managers are in charge of applications, communications and Internet solutions, Paul is still the single point of contact for all staff and has the final say in most decision, making it very difficult for the managers to do their job.In the recent months, Paul has notice that the employees are not motivated and are loosing the passion and enthusiasm they had shown for the firm in the past, furthermore, a few people have left the company already. In a recent case, one of the Java developers had expressed dissatisfaction with his salary and although Paul Increased his salary, the employee decided to leave anyway. An action Is needed and drastic changes have to be made on Human Resource (HRS).Marc's Case Apparently, there must have been something wrong which led to a result where Marc decided to resign anyway although Paul had offered him a raise in salary for 15%. One of the possible reasons would be because Marc felt that Paul did not pay enough attention to his case. Paul did not handle Marc's situation promptly and held it for few days. Marc might have felt that he was again being neglected and had lost his trust for Paul.The second reason is that Marc's manager, Lisa, did not pay attention on the condition of her subordinates wellbeing, which might have caused by Pall's decision to take all the human resource Issues directly into his own hands. Lisa did not even notice Marc's intention to leave the company and also has not had a anger-subordinate talk with Marc for a long time since she has been busy focusing on business development work. There Is no a proper human resource management and salary system in the company so that employees pe rformance could easily be overlooked or unnoticeable.However, Paul should prevent of losing Marc because the situation states that it is very hard to find an experienced Java- developer in the market. He could start by having a sincere talk with Marc, in person, and try to figure out the real reason behind Marc's resignation, whether it was only because of unsatisfying wage. Was this a sole case or general issue? Paul could also try to find some feedback from Marc about the him/company/the managers. They could figure what to do next by firstly clarifying the above Issue.Next, Paul should delegate the department's people issue to Its manager. Lisa should be able to focus her work not only on the tasks but also on her team's people Issue. Low Employee Morale As described previously with Marc's case, It Is obvious that the company's reporting lines are not formalized, this creates a little friction between Paul and the unit need the approval of Paul. Those managers might feel that they do not have enough impact on the organization's performance due to the over-controlling nature of the CEO.As companies grow, it is very important to set in place a plan where the newly developed business units have managers that are autonomous and able to manage projects, personnel and budgets, but not without a proper guidance and performance evaluations. Since there is no clear role for RE in the company, it is very difficult to identify the changes of personnel internally and externally. For example, it is known that there has been unhappiness and denomination among employees, but body does a real enquiry about what is really happening.On one hand, there are some internal issues like the interactions of Paul with the staff and how the staff is feeling less in touch with management; on the other hand, a few employees have complained about their remuneration, but no one has done a research about the changes of the local IT Job market and make an adequate adjustment. As employees f eel that they are not being recognized by their work, not Just monetarily, but when they feel neglected and unappreciated, they will show denomination, a loss of their ensue of belonging and loss commitment for their company.A Mid-Term Plan We are playing a role as a consultant in this case. We would suggest and help TATTOO or Paul to improve his company system, which would benefit himself and the whole company, using Engagement Principles: 1 . Introduce and socialist the company's vision, mission, and goal to the employees as often as necessary to create an understanding for the employees about their employer and company. Let the employees embrace the broad picture of the company and help plant a sense of belonging towards the company. What is Tattoo meaning? 2.Create a system where the company and employees would be able to keep track on employees' performances. The company should be able to know how capable and competence their employees really are, also to give proper support to the employees skill improvement, if necessary. The employees need to be able to feel that they gain adding value by working in Tattoo. Set up an effective performance evaluation system for employees. E. G, Marc and other employees should be able to know and feel that their works are appreciated and rewarded. 3. Implement a feedback chem†¦Tattoo will benefit a lot from getting the employees' feedback. Tattoo needs to encourage and motivate the employees to give feedback or suggestion about their company, could be by giving incentives for the special effort. E. G, Today's employees would feel their voice are heard by the feedback scheme. Tattoo would get some good insights, which could help improve the company. 4. Set up a clear organization structure and Job description. Once Tattoo came up with a fix organization structure and Job description, they must be consistent and committed to it.It involves a total Job delegation will stimulate initiative taking within clear boundaries . It will create sense of discipline amongst the workers and also enable people to make an informed choice. E. G, Lisa and other managers should be able to handle their team issues and tasks without Pall's full interference. The above are the core ingredients to create and manage engaged employees. Engaged employees will lead to a better and healthier working environment. It would also help to improve the Tattoo company system by having an HRS person or, better yet, better organized.

DoubleClick Inc Marketing Strategies

DoubleClick Inc Marketing Strategies DoubleClick Inc is an internet marketing and advertising corporation. The company was established in the year 1995 as an internet application service provider (Schwabach, 2006). Unlike other internet service providers, the company specializes in ad-serving and banner ads.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on DoubleClick Inc Marketing Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the year 1998, the company was listed among several prominent internet companies such as AOL, Yahoo, and Vista. During this period, the company’s dynamic advertising, reporting, and targeting services were rated the best in the world. With such reputation, the company was able to increase its targeting and reporting of advertisement services. In the year 1999, Abacus Direct Company merged with the company. Abacus Direct Company focused on data collection. With their association, there were fears that secret web-serving profiles collec ted by Abacus would be compromised. In the year 20007, Google acquired DoubleClick Inc. Currently, the company is fully owned by Google. The company generates money from internet advertisers and publishers through ad-serving, ad-delivery, and behavioral targeting. For the above operations to be successful, the company collects its data from the internet users’ online activities. A number of information collected by the company includes web browser, operating system, ISP, bandwidth, and time of the day. The data are recorded in the company’s generic DoubleClick cookie. This cookie captures the time the online user saw the advert, advert placement id, user’s id, client’s IP address, and user’s referral URL.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through this, the company can precisely pinpoint the time and date the user saw the advert . Similarly, by analyzing the users’ IP addresses the company can pinpoint the users’ countries, towns, and cities. Through frequency capping technology, the company uses the cookie information it captures to target advertisements with regard to the number of times a user accesses a specific message on the internet. When the cookie is connected with an Adsense site and a specific web browser user signs into another website through the site, similar data will be documented and shared. After a while, speculations on the users’ interests will be formulated. Through this, it can be guessed whether the user likes football, basketball, music, or any other activity. If substantial browsers exhibit similar outlines, they become part of a segment. These segments are labeled based on their users’ interests. Through these labels, the company can let advertisers select the type of users they want to access their adverts. The company’s major customers are adver tising, marketing, and media organizations. DoubleClick’s services and technologies are sold directly to these customers. Through these services, potential online users can access customers’ adverts. The company employs the DART technology to establish the ads to be delivered to specific users. Through this approach, the company can aid websites and marketers to distribute their adverts. For web publishers, the data sold to them enables them to modernize their functions allowing them to gain the best price for their impressions. On the other hand, advertisers and agencies can make use of the information obtained from the company to reinforce and ease complex online campaigns. On the company’s website, the company has outlined its privacy policy. The policy asserts that the company will safeguard the users’ security details. With thorough analysis, an individual will realize that the company’s privacy policy outlined on their website is inadequate.A dvertising We will write a custom case study sample on DoubleClick Inc Marketing Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company does not address the issue of users’ privacy adequately (Oz, 2008). Given the fact that the company has been accused in the past for violating individual privacy rights, the company should have outlined adequate privacy policies on its website. In this regard, the company should inform users how their data is collected and used. As such, the company should inform internet users that they monitor their online activities and that they associate these activities with their address and gender. Similarly, if the users are informed of these acts, they should be given a chance to determine whether they are willing to monitored by the company. If the users are not willing to be monitored, their privacy rights should be respected. Equally, on the website the company has not outlined a general privacy policy in a bid to avoid legal issues with the users. If the company details its general privacy policies on its websites, it might have to detail their operations and their relation to individual privacy rights. In this event, the company will expose to the public how their operations contravene individuals’ rights to secrecy. Currently, the company is marred by several controversies. The company has several pending lawsuits related private policy issues. Similarly, some users have accused the company for misleading them. According to these users, the company lies to the users that they can freely opt out of its IP address-based tracking system. In reality, the users’ opt-out option is ineffective. To avoid damaging its reputation, the company should rebuild the users and operators trust by formulating appropriate private policies.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Equally, the company should outline these policies on their website for everyone to access them. These policies should be accurate and clear (Lucey, 2005). References Lucey, T. (2005). Management information systems (9th ed.). London: Thomson Learning. Oz, E. (2008). Management Information Systems (6th ed.). New York: Course Technology Ptr. Schwabach, A. (2006). Internet and the law: technology, society, and compromises. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO.

Battle of Chickamauga - American Civil War - William Rosecrans - Braxton Bragg

Battle of Chickamauga - American Civil War - William Rosecrans - Braxton Bragg Battle of Chickmauga - Conflict: The Battle of Chickamauga was fought during the American Civil War. Battle of Chickamauga - Dates: The Army of the Cumberland and Army of Tennessee battled on September 18-20, 1863. Armies Commanders at Chickamauga: Union Major General William Rosecrans56,965 men Confederate General Braxton BraggLieutenant General James Longstreet70,000 men Battle of Chickamauga - Background: Through the summer of 1863, Major General William S. Rosecrans, commanding the Union Army of the Cumberland, conducted a skillful campaign of maneuver in Tennessee. Dubbed the Tullahoma Campaign, Rosecrans was able to repeatedly force General Braxton Braggs Army of Tennessee to retreat until it reached its base at Chattanooga. Under orders to capture the valuable transportation hub, Rosecrans did not wish to directly assault the citys fortifications. Instead, utilizing the railroad network to the west, he began moving south in an effort to sever Braggs supply lines. Pinning Bragg in place with a diversion at Chattanooga, Rosecrans army completed crossing the Tennessee River on September 4. Advancing, Rosecrans encountered rough terrain and poor roads. This forced his four corps to take separate routes. In the weeks prior to Rosecrans movement, Confederate authorities had grown concerned about the defense of Chattanooga. As a result, Bragg was reinforced by troops from Mississippi and the bulk of Lieutenant General James Longstreets corps from the Army of Northern Virginia. Reinforced, Bragg abandoned Chattanooga on September 6, and moved south to attack Rosecrans dispersed columns. This allowed Major General Thomas L. Crittendens XXI Corps to occupy the city as part of its advance. Aware that Bragg was in the field, Rosecrans ordered his forces to concentrate to prevent them from being defeated in detail. On September 18, Bragg sought to attack XXI Corps near Chickamauga Creek. This effort was frustrated by Union cavalry and mounted infantry led by Colonels Robert Minty and John T. Wilder. Battle of Chickamauga - Fighting Begins: Alerted to this fighting, Rosecrans ordered Major General George H. Thomas XIV Corps and Major General Alexander McCooks XX Corps to support Crittenden. Arriving on the morning of September 19, Thomas men took a position north of XXI Corps. Believing that he only had cavalry on his front, Thomas ordered a series attacks. These encountered the infantry of Major Generals John Bell Hood, Hiram Walker, and Benjamin Cheatham. The fighting raged through the afternoon as Rosecrans and Bragg committed more troops to the fray. As McCooks men arrived, they were placed in the Union center between XIV and XXI Corps. As the day wore on, Braggs numerical advantage began to tell and Union forces were slowly pushed back towards the LaFayette Road. As darkness fell, Rosecrans tightened his lines and prepared defensive positions. On the Confederate side, Bragg was reinforced by the arrival of Longstreet who was given command of the left wing of the army. Braggs plan for the 20th called for successive attacks from north to south. The battle recommenced around 9:30 AM when Lieutenant General Daniel H. Hills corps attacked Thomas position. Battle of Chickamauga - Disaster Ensues: Beating back the attack, Thomas called for Major General James S. Negleys division which was supposed to be in reserve. Due to an error, Negleys men had been put in the line. As his men shifted north, Brigadier General Thomas Woods division took their place. For the next two hours Rosecrans men repeatedly defeated the Confederate attacks. Around 11:30, Rosecrans, not knowing the precise locations of this units, erred and issued orders for Wood to shift position. This opened a gaping hole in the Union center. Alerted to this, McCook began moving the divisions of Major General Philip Sheridan and Brigadier General Jefferson C. Davis to plug the gap. As these men were moving forward, Longstreet launched his assault on the Union center. Exploiting the hole in the Union line, his men were able to strike the moving Union columns in the flank. In short order, the Union center and right broke and began fleeing the field, carrying Rosecrans with them. Sheridans division made a stand on Lytle Hill, but was forced to withdraw by Longstreet and a flood of retreating Union soldiers. Battle of Chickamauga - The Rock of Chickamauga With the army falling back, Thomas men held firm. Consolidating his lines on Horseshoe Ridge and Snodgrass Hill, Thomas defeated a series of Confederate assaults. Farther north, the commander of the Reserve Corps, Major General Gordon Granger, dispatched a division to Thomas aid. Arriving on the field they helped block an attempt by Longstreet to envelop Thomas right. Holding until nightfall, Thomas withdrew under the cover of darkness. His stubborn defense earned him the nickname The Rock of Chickamauga. Having incurred heavy casualties, Bragg elected not to pursue Rosecrans broken army. Aftermath of the Battle of Chickamauga The fighting at Chickamauga cost the Army of the Cumberland 1,657 killed, 9,756 wounded, and 4,757 captured/missing. Bragg losses were heavier and numbered 2,312 killed, 14,674 wounded, and 1,468 captured/missing. Retreating back to Chattanooga, Rosecrans and his army were soon besieged in the city by Bragg. Shattered by his defeat, Rosecrans ceased be an effective leader and was replaced by Thomas on October 19, 1863. The siege of the city was broken in October following the arrival of the commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi, Major General Ulysses S. Grant, and Braggs army shattered the following month at the Battle of Chattanooga. Selected Sources CWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of ChickamaugaNational Park Service: Battle of ChickamaugaBattle of Chickamauga

Dual Coding Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dual Coding Theory - Research Paper Example Dual Coding Theory Dual coding theory emphasizes that people should not ignore the aspect of non-verbal processing of information, and concentrate on verbal processing. Today, many people rely on resources from the web for their learning requirements, and it is imperative to distinguish web sites that can benefit students and those that cannot benefit students (Jairath & Mills, 2005). The assumption of the dual coding theory is that there exist two cognitive systems in the human mind. One system specializes in the processing and representation of nonverbal objects while the other system focuses on language (Jairath & Mills, 2005). This theory has been applied in many fields of learning, which include language, problem solving and concept learning. According to Clark & Paivio (1991), dual coding theory focuses on mental processes and mental and mental structures. The mental structures are networks that are associative of imaginable and verbal representations. On the other hand, mental processes focus on the activation and development of the mental structures, including the effect of the physical and the social context in learning. Dual coding theory asserts that mental representations relate to distinct nonverbal and verbal properties, and symbolic modes of events of concrete sensorimotor, which form the basis of this theory. Any learning program should consider the verbal system, which contains auditory, visual and verbal codes that are articulate. The development of a web-based program of learning should create a comprehensive approach that captures all the essential aspects of dual coding theory.... the designers of learning programs to develop the nonverbal representation like environmental sounds, actions, visceral or skeletal expressions that symbolize emotions and images that symbolize shape. Designers of learning programs recognize that the principal purpose of learning and education is to acquire knowledge (Clark & Paivio, 1991). Knowledge is transferred to many people through tutorial lessons or private study. Private study has played a significant role in promoting the utilization of web-based research. This has called for improvement of web sources of information so that they can meet the knowledge demands of learners. Dual coding theory proceeds to provide guidelines, which facilitate program designers to ensure that the psychological mechanisms of learning from texts and web pages are designed appropriately (Khan, 2001). Learning program designers follow the avenue that education relevant knowledge is verbally represented in notes and textbooks. Further, nonverbal ima ging of information triggers a student’s ease of comprehension of text meaning. The dual coding theory in practice emphasizes that human beings have several systems that process information. Therefore, several channels of communication should be used to convey information in teaching, and in designing learning programs (Jairath & Mills, 2005). The theory informs the designers that the learning of students is influenced in a positive way by presenting illustrations and texts together. Furthermore, animations by computers provide an influential means for presenting learners with visually based information. Learning program designers imitate the idea of dual coding theory since it fosters imagery with mental images that help learners to develop sharp remembering skills. Further, program

Analysis of the Benchmark for External Auditors Assignment

Analysis of the Benchmark for External Auditors - Assignment Example Without exception, all external auditors should not allow their independence to be affected by his or her own interests. For, Auditing Standards mandate that external auditors must accept an audit engagement if they feel that their self-interests affect their independence. Independence means not only independence in fact but also go hand in hand with independence through appearance. The Auditing Standards on independence rule states that the auditor must not have any material self-interest in the clients. An auditor has self-interest if the auditor, the auditor's spouse, and children own a share of stock or two in the audit client. The Companies Act of 1948 is the legal framework for external auditors to follow in terms of independence (Power 1997, 17). Clearly, many auditors will not allow their independence to be affected by self -interests. Likewise, it is mandatory that all external auditors will not allow their independence to be affected by self - review. The auditor is required under all audit situations to consider if self -review will affect his independence. The auditor must not continue with the auditor sign as an external auditor if he or she believes that self-review will infringe on the auditor's independence. Clearly, it is mandatory that all external auditors will not allow their independence to be affected by self - review. Further, all external auditors should not allow their independence to be affected by advocacy. The auditor's membership in a group will have a strong impression that the auditor is not being independent in terms of auditing a client. The Code of Ethics for external auditors commands that the external auditor must not have his membership in an organization affect the independence of the auditors. The auditors must be independent in fact and in appearance. For any sign that tinges on decreasing the independence of the external auditor would signal that the external auditor should immediately withdraw from the engagement. Definitely, all external auditors should not allow their independence to be affected by advocacy. Furthermore, all external auditors must not permit their independence to be affected by familiarity. It is a fact that many external auditors can easily finish their audit assignments for many of their former audit clients. The auditors will just focus on accounts that seem doubtful or where the internal control is weak because they had already issued an unqualified opinion on the prior financial statement.  Ã‚  

Assignment (Economics) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

(Economics) - Assignment Example The adverse impact of tax hike was phenomenal for casual drinkers as they massively reduced their consumption, thereby resulting in overall decrease in aggregate beer demand. Obviously, the producers were unable to increase prices substantially considering demand / consumption pattern and thus suffered stupendous financial losses. For instance, the producers adopted downsizing strategy, which in turn resulted in 50,000 job losses. The revenues to government also declined in general as the beer industry did not record significant market expansion and growth. The demand from hardcore drinkers also reduced as they switched to other cheap drinks to ensure their balance of their financial budgets. All in all, the rollback of levies / taxes would not lead to mammoth rise in consumption; rather will reduce financial burden on producers as well as consumers. Next, consumers would not change their drinking habit and start consuming irresponsibly; therefore, this is just a myth that rollback o f beer taxes may cause grave healthcare issues. Reference Beer Tax Website â€Å"Just the Facts† Roll Back the Beer Tax http://www.rollbackthebeertax.com/

Principles and Characteristics of Good Governance

Principles and Characteristics of Good Governance Introduction In general, good governance is perceived as a normative principle of administrative law, which obliges the State to perform its functions in a manner that promotes the values of efficiency, no corruptibility, and responsiveness to civil society. It is therefore a principle that is largely associated with statecraft. While the government is not obliged to substantively deliver any public goods, it must ensure that the processes for the identification and delivery of such goods are concrete in terms of i) being responsive to public demands; ii) being transparent in the allocation of resources and; iii) being equitable in the distribution of goods. The principle of good governance has also been espoused in the context of the internal operations of private sector organizations. In this way, corporate decision-making strategies integrate the principle of good governance and ensure that shareholder interests (i.e. public limited companies) and employees are taken into account. The legal meaning of the principle of good governance The concept of good governance as developed by the World Bank is essentially a touchstone upon which the prevailing administrative structure of a given country can be measured. Consequently, it provides ample evidence of the robustness of the structural suitability of donors as efficient vehicles of multilateral aid investment to developing countries. Good governance is therefore chiefly envisaged as a set of procedural tools to guarantee the efficacious improvement of the donor identified subject. Politically, however, the principle of good governance has not been very well received. For instance, governments may be reluctant to be held accountable to donor agencies, and they may sometimes display widespread hostility against such agencies (or other bodies) that is construed to be interfering in their (sovereign) domestic affairs. The real or imagined fears have stemmed mainly from the fact that the term good governance has largely been identified with liberalism and laissez-faire p olicies common in most developed countries. Further, the usage of the term good derives primarily from subjective interpretations especially in the context of large multicultural and diverse economies that characterize the developing world. The characteristics of good governance Good governance has 8 major characteristics. It is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law. It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society. 1. Participation Participation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance. Participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. It is important to point out that representative democracy does not necessarily mean that the concerns of the most vulnerable in society would be taken into consideration in decision making. Participation needs to be informed and organized. This means freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand. 2. Rule of law Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force. 3. Transparency Transparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement. It also means that enough information is provided and that it is provided in easily understandable forms and media. 4. Responsiveness Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe. 5. Consensus oriented There are several actors and as many view points in a given society. Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development. This can only result from an understanding of the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society or community. 6. Equity and inclusiveness A societys well being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society. This requires all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their well being. 7. Effectiveness and efficiency Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment. 8. Accountability Accountability is a key requirement of good governance. Not only governmental institutions but also the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. Who is accountable to whom varies depending on whether decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. In general an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions. Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law. How to achieve good governance Good governance, to be effective and sustainable, must be anchored in a vigorous working democracy which respects the rule of law, a free press, energetic civil society organizations and effective and independent public bodies such as the Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance, Prevention of Corruption Bureau and the Fair Trade Commission. The Commission is important in ensuring the promotion and protection of human rights, but also in ensuring both transparency and accountability on the part of the government. Good governance requires transparency and efficiency also in different government agencies. At the political level democratic practices, including transparency in policy making and administration, are important aspects of good governance. This is signified by a pluralistic political system that allows the existence of diversity in political and ideological opinions. No wonder that good governance is said to be more easily achieved and guaranteed in a multi-party system than in a mono-party system. It also means the holding of regular elections applying the principle of universal franchise. In order to qualify as democratic, elections must be free and fair. Good governance deals with the nature and limits of state power. The doctrine of the separation of powers is therefore relevant in the establishment of whether or not a country has a political system that is responsive to good governance. The doctrine of the separation of powers is based on the acceptance that there are three main categories of government functions: legislative, executive, and judicial. Corresponding to these are the three main organs of government in a state the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. The doctrine insists that these three powers and functions of government in a free democracy must be kept separate and exercised by separate organs of the state. Conclusion From the above discussion it should be clear that good governance is an ideal which is difficult to achieve in its totality. Very few countries and societies have come close to achieving good governance in its totality. However, to ensure sustainable human development, actions must be taken to work towards this ideal with the aim of making it a reality. References Macdonald, B. (1998), Good governance and Pacific island states, in Larmour, P. (Ed.), Governance and Reform in the South Pacific, National Centre for Development Studies Australian National University, Canberra, pp. 21-53. Woods, N. (1999) Good Governance in International Organizations, Global Governance 5, 39-61. Burnell, Peter. Good Government and Democratization: A Sideways Look at Aid and Political Conditionality, Democratization, vol.1, no.3, pp.485-503.

Radio Frequency Weapons and the Next Phase of Terrorism :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

Radio Frequency Weapons and the Next Phase of Terrorism         Ã‚  Ã‚  Abstract:   This paper examines different types of radio frequency ("RF") weapons that are currently being developed.   It discusses the different types of weapons that currently exist, explains why they would be useful to terrorists, and explores different ways to defend against them.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recent media articles have put forth the idea of the "RF weapon," something that has been described as if it were a magical gun that can bring the United States to its knees.   While these weapons do exist, the threat they pose is far less widespread and dangerous than articles such as "RF Weapons Attacking Our Freedom?" propose.   Having said that, however, the threat is real, and steps need to be taken to defend against RF weaponry.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the first distinctions that should be drawn in this discussion is that between RF weapons and EMP weapons.   An EMP (electromagnetic pulse) is usually employed by detonating a thermonuclear devices at high altitudes (500 miles or more) above the Earth.   The resulting electromagnetic pulse cripples any electronic equipment within its path.   Thus, one nuclear device can be used to cripple the modern infrastructure of an entire nation [1].   An RF device is effective over a much smaller range, but it can cause just as much damage [2].      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to David Shriner, a former military engineer and expert on RF technology, there are a number of different types of RF weapons, which are also referred to as High Powered Microwave (HPM) weapons.   The first type is the conventional RF weapon, which sends out a concentrated band of radio waves toward a target.   These radio waves act in a way similar to the waves inside a normal microwave oven; given a sufficient amount of power, they can be used to heat and damage electronic equipment operating at the same frequency.   Because of this need to match frequency with the target, conventional RF weapons require prior research and intelligence before they can be deployed effectively by terrorists [3].      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A second, more insidious type of HPM weapon is what Shriner calls the Transient Electromagnetic Device (TED).   Instead of producing a sine wave at a particular frequency (as conventional RF devices do), the TED creates a sudden spike of energy that can last as little as 100 picoseconds (the amount of time it takes light to travel about 1.

End of Life Issues

After being diagnosed with debilitating diseases, such as one of the multiple forms of cancer or being in a Persistent Vegetative State, (PVS), many consider euthanasia to end the suffering of that individual. Euthanasia is defined as â€Å"the act of painlessly ending the lives of individuals who are suffering from an incurable disease or severe disability† (Santrock, 2012). The whole idea of euthanasia is to end the pain and suffering of a person instead of letting them go through the rest of their life awaiting a slow, painful, and oftentimes, undignified death.The act of euthanasia is separated into two main categories; passive and active, or â€Å"letting die† and â€Å"killing†, respectively, according to Ansari, A. , Sambo, A. O. , & Abdulkadir, A. B. (2012). Passive euthanasia is when a person is allowed to die by withholding available treatment, such as an individual not performing CPR on a person who suffers from cardiac arrest or taking a person off th eir artificial life support system, like a feeding tube or breathing machine.Euthanasia can be considered active when a person actively or deliberately gives another person a lethal injection to end their life. Another way to differentiate between the two types of euthanasia would be to say that active euthanasia occurs when an something happens to cause death to a patient and passive euthanasia happens when an inaction causes the patient to die. Physician-assisted suicide is considered a type of active euthanasia, which takes place when a doctor gives a patient a prescription or other drugs to let them to commit suicide.To further classify the term, euthanasia, it can also be categorized as voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary is when a mentally competent person makes the decision to die on their own without being coerced and made fully aware of the pertinent facts of their health. Involuntary euthanasia, (or non-voluntary) is done without the consent of the patient, such as when th e patient is in a coma, and the wishes of that patient are unknown.To combat any moral or ethical issues about a persons' decision to partake in euthanasia, or not partake for that matter, that individual should discuss their advanced care planning, or planned preferences for end-of-life care (Santrock, 2012). By evaluating how a person wants to live out the rest of their life, they can establish an advanced directive, or living will, which would indicate whether or not they wanted life-sustaining procedures used to prolong their life if death were imminent.Any living will should only be signed by an individual that is in a coherent state of mind and able to think clearly (Santrock, 2012). The ethical issue raised by active euthanasia is that it could be considered used as a way to rid society of elderly or terminally ill patients whether they want to die or not. Patients may begin to fear that if they go to the hospital for even routine exams, they might not leave because a person on the medical staff might deem them unable to recuperate from whatever reason brought them to the hospital in the first place.Proponents however, say that people are autonomous, that they have the right to make their own decisions about important issues in their lives such as death. An ethical issue raised by passive euthanasia is that it causes a person die slowly and painfully, instead of giving them the opportunity to pass away comfortably and on their own terms. The laws in Arizona state that any contributor participating in euthanasia would be guilty of one of the subheadings of homicide, being manslaughter, a class 2 felony, or first or second degree murder, both being class 1 felonies.The state of Arizona believes that life is very important and nobody should be able to take that right away from any individual, barring any medical emergency procedure. I believe that euthanasia has its place in society. While I do not condone murder, I believe if a person is dying from an inc urable disease or is in a persistent vegetative state where there is no chance of recovery, allowing that person to die painlessly and with dignity is more moral than not doing so.Although human life is a precious gift from God, I feel that it would be the duty of the patients' family and doctors to take all the information about the health of the patient and make the best decision for their loved one, even if the end result means the death of that person. Euthanasia has many angles to evaluate before a person commits to such an ultimate and final act, whether for a loved one or their own ending. A person

Process Design for Riordan

Process Design for Riordan Manufacturing OPS/571 February 18, 2013 Robin Hundley-Solomon Process Design for Riordan Manufacturing Riordan Manufacturing, and its parent company Riordan Industries, Inc. is a Fortune 1000 company (University of Phoenix, 2013). Riordan’s future is focused on remaining profitable while ensuring that financial and human capital is available for continue growth (University of Phoenix, 2013). Remaining financially viable and competitive in the global environment requires the manufacturing plant in China to evaluate current processes and address multiple aspects of the company’s design process.Primary in the process redesign is the Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP), the supply chain, accurate forecasting, and a viable implementation process with quality management components. Removing bottlenecks, incorporating Just-in-Time (JIT) inventories, minimizing waste, and including global opportunities will preposition Riordan Manufacturing for cont inued success. Manufacturing Resource Planning Manufacturing resource planning systems are a common resource in almost all manufacturing plants, large and small.MRP systems provide an easily understood approach to determining number of parts, materials, and schedules for ordering and production of these components (Chase, Jacobs, & Aquilano, 2006). Because Riordan produces parts in batches using the same equipment, an MRP system will provide an avenue to optimize Riordan’s strategy for decreasing variance and waste in the supply and demand of their electric fans. The plant in China produces the plastic fan blades and fan housings.The electric fans are purchased from a local plant, shipped to Riordan and assembled to be sold as a finished product. The fan supplier has a 93% rate for on-time deliveries, delaying production if not available. Riordan keeps inventory and safety stock of easily obtained material, which incurs costs. Concern with scrap materials and a reduction in w aste is imperative for Riordan’s China plant as it moves to implement new processes. Managing these inefficient processes by the use of an MRP system will reduce raw materials and finished goods inventory costs.The implementation of the MRP system will meet the goals of providing a master schedule for production, manage inventory levels, automate the ordering process to reduce waste, and reduce variability in supply and demand. These components must be managed effectively if Riordan is to remain competitive in the global market. Process Design The current process of Riordan Manufacturing is not optimal and must be significantly modified to remain a global leader. Because the delivery and supply of electric fans is inconsistent, bottlenecks can occur, delaying production.Stocking easily obtained polymer products increases inventory costs. Selecting alternative suppliers for fans will enable Riordan to ensure delivery of fans to meet production requirements and customer orders. The use of multiple sources reduces the need to have an inventory of fans. This implementation of a Just-in-time (JIT) inventory management system reduces inventory and storage costs, reduces waste products and improves the manufacturing process. This lean production and process is â€Å"based on the logic that nothing will be produced until it is needed† (Chase, Jacobs, & Aquilano, 2006, p. 71). Optimization of strategic capacity planning, inventory management, and the production and scheduling of the products in the right place, at the right time, in the right amount increases revenue and efficiencies for the company (Shields, 1999). The use of flow management, which combines JIT and the capabilities of MRP produces a mix of products based on orders, and using the stream of parts supplied just-in-time (Chase, Jacobs, & Aquilano, 2006). Supply Chain Companies can gain competitive and strategic advantage with an efficient, streamlined supply chain process.To be cost-efficien t companies eliminate non-value-added activities, create the best capacity utilization in production and distribution, and pursue economies of scale (Chase, Jacobs, & Aquilano, 2006). Supply chain management performs the core function of product flow through the process of receiving raw materials to shipment of the final product. The China plant process is currently disjointed, without a central system to oversee receipt, inventory, production numbers, orders, and shipment.The implementation of a lean process with Just-in-Time inventory, automated accounting of raw materials, orders, invoices, and shipping schedules will minimize paperwork logjams, waste, and bottlenecks. Outsourcing and seeking global opportunities, such as assembly and shipping of the final product, in a location with less costs allows Riordan to focus only on the production of parts. Global product sourcing can help in lowering costs by purchasing the required material from other countries where it is available a t low price.Multi-sourcing of electric fans allows for consistent delivery and competition among providers, also decreasing costs. Production Forecast The plant’s production forecast is based on the theory of moving averages. China’s manufacturing unit takes care of plastic polymers and electric motors required for production of fans. To calculate demands for next year production Riordan averages sales for the last three years. This average is the projection for the coming year (Riordan, 2006). Riordan also produces custom fans based on periodic orders from customers on a year to year basis.These forecast numbers are inaccurate and unpredictable and can lead to excess inventory and waste. The adoption of the lean process and Just-in-Time inventory is a best practice business strategy and concept to optimize capacity planning, inventory management, and production and scheduling of the products in the market at the optimal times and location. These processes plus the ana lysis of economic conditions will increase revenue for the company to meet corporate goals. Implementation Plan Adequate planning is necessary for success in the implementation of the new process.Evaluation at regular intervals with responsive and timely modifications enables Riordan to minimize resource utilization toward non-essential activities. Role definition and clear guidance are key in process design changes and Riordan must delineate carefully its implementation plan. For the JIT training project, it is best to divide the employees into two groups. Group one will start training with the education portion on Monday, February 18 through Wednesday, February 20. Group one can apply this learning in simulation training on the second half of the day on Wednesday, February 20 through Friday, February 22.The second week starting Monday, February 25 through Friday, March 1 Group one will apply learned knowledge and skills in an actual work setting. Supervisors will be on hand to hel p and employees can discuss any input, questions, and review any processes with the training supervisors. Group two will begin the education part of the training on Monday, February 25-Wednesday, February 27. Group two will apply this learning in simulation training on the second half of the day on Wednesday, February 27-Friday, March 1.The second week beginning Monday, March 4 through Friday, March 8, Group two will apply learned knowledge and skills in the actual work setting. Group two will do the same as Group one regarding the provision of input, questions, and review any processes as well. Automation has been added for the JIT process because this is a continuous process. The entirety of the first day is required to go through the receiving and molding processes. This links to the next process of trimming and assembly processes for the next two days. This allows more time to carefully put the products together.On the fourth day, it links the process to review and check for any product defects and count the excess waste. On the final day, it links with the previous process for packaging, cleanup, and recycle processes. Excess waste can be checked to determine what can be recycled into the raw materials inventory or given to the Chinese partners to dispose of the excess waste. Table one has been added for an illustration of the processes. Table One Cover Letter February 18, 2013 Riordan Manufacturing One Riordan Plaza San Jose, California 95112 Dear CEO:Team A is honored with the opportunity to introduce the proposal for implementation of Lean production and Total Quality Management (TQM) for improving the Process Design of Riordan Manufacturing. There are various options to track the current operational process in the firm. The selection of the right tools for Lean Production and Quality Management can provide insight regarding the material requirement planning and strategic needs to meet the demands of intermittent orders in addition to the current forec asting based on yearly demand.The proposal will identify the bottlenecks in the process of forecast demand and production plan, which will achieve the balance needed to satisfy the quantity of Riordan electric fans for the demand. TQM will determine the materials and personnel needed to produce the electric fans according to forecasted demand and assure that Riordan is producing quality products in an efficient manner. This implementation consisting of incorporating TQM, Just-in-Time inventories, minimizing waste, and including global opportunities, helps to extract the results of the project and provides the ability to forecast demand in an optimal way.Any kind of feedback will be greatly appreciated and any member of our team will readily be available to respond to any questions. Do not hesitate to contact us either by phone or e-mail. The team will readily make any changes you suggest. We look forward to continue working together in the future as Riordan positions itself for cont inued global success. Sincerely, Learning Team A Conclusion To achieve the objectives of Riordan Industries, it is essential to identify processes requiring modification correctly and successfully implement a new process design.Optimizing operations require identifying bottlenecks, streamlining the supply chain, implementing JIT inventory management, and maximizing profits while increasing customer satisfaction is imperative. Aggregate planning and total quality management assists in keeping Riordan Industries China plant on track and positions Riordan for continued success as a global leader. References Chase, R. B. , Jacobs, F. R. , & Aquilano, N. J. (2006). Operations management for competitive advantage (11th ed. . New York, NY: McGraw Hill/Irwin. Retrieved from the University of Phoenix ebook Collection database. Shields, T. (1999). Tutorials-lean production/lean manufacturing. Defense Acquisition University. Retrieved from http://www. dau. mil/educdept/mm_dept_resources/navbar /lean/ 01rdg-lean. asp. University of Phoenix (2009). Riordan manufacturing virtual organization. Retrieved from Apollo Group, Inc. , OPS571- Operations Management.

Chinese Art Art at Court

Chinese Art Art at Court The current exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, entitled â€Å"The Emperors Private Paradise: Treasures from the Forbidden City†, reveals one individual’s very personal stamp on their environment. The retreat, designed and built by the Qianlong Emperor in a corner of the Forbidden City, demonstrates luxury, appreciation for beauty, decided ideas about beauty, and devotion to a philosophical ideal. This kind of private indulgence is rare, but not unknown elsewhere[1].Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Art: Art at Court specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the 90 or so objects and artifacts included in the exhibit, the Screen of Sixteen Double-Sided Panels, represents much of what is interesting about the royal owner, is preferences, and the intimate space from which the objects were taken. The screen in particular demonstrates how the interest and appreciation by one powerful person could affect iconography and fashions in decoration for many years after their lifetime The Qianlong Emperor built his Studio of Exhaustion from Diligent Service in the 18th Century, with the intention of using it for relaxation, entertainment[2], meditation, and reflection. The Emperor planned to enjoy it when he retired from active management of the Middle Kingdom. It is compactly built on a roughly two-acre plot in one corner of the palace grounds. He was able to choose whatever he liked in terms of design and decoration, and display gifts from his subjects as well. They are rare, one-of-a-kind, and expensive. Thus, the furnishing of the Studio of Exhaustion from Diligent Service reflects his own taste, rather than anything handed down from previous rulers. The screen, from the pavilion named The Building of Luminous Clouds, has a colorful and romantic story. It was a gift from a provincial governor. The Emperor liked the surface of it that featured human figures, and it was therefore displayed with that part facing outwards into the room. As a result, the other side was not seen or even known about for several hundred years. The reverse side has decorations that are just as lovely. The paintings on the surface that is best known are copies of works by an artist from the 9th century named Guanxiu. This Guanxiu was a monk in Hangzhou Province. He was inspired by a dream to paint images of the disciples of the Buddha, known as Arhats.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These figures are known in Chinese as Luohans. They are described as beings that have attained some degree of enlightenment. They â€Å"protect the faithful Buddhist†[3], until the whole human race achieves some sort of enlightenment themselves The veneration of Arhats was at its height at exactly the time that the artist Guanxiu made his depictions[4]. There was no documentation of their actual appearance, and since Gautama Buddha was from India, not China, there were no local reports about them. However, Guanxiu claimed that he had been visited with a vision in a dream[5]. He created 15 of the images based on the dream but may have used himself as the model for the 16th. The Emperor saw the paintings while visiting the region in 1757, and liked them. He ordered his staff to make copies of them[6]. He also wrote eulogies, or brief, haiku-like descriptions of each Luohans’ personality and spiritual characteristics. Accounts differ as to how the copying of the images proceeded, but sets were sent to all of the 18 provinces for display. There are stone relief copies of them remaining in situ today in several provinces of China[7]. The abbot of the temple in 1757 must have been delighted at this opportunity for publicizing the monastery and preserving its 800-plus year old treasure! With the paintings copied in stone, the images could be duplicated many tim es through stone rubbings. This seems like a remarkably innovative idea, but it apparently may have pre-dated printing in China. Stone rubbings had been used to preserve and disseminate all sorts of information and images, including Buddhist scriptures[8]. In the case of Guanxiu’s Luohans, it seems reasonable to infer that the Emperor and the abbot wanted to ensure the exact duplication of each image. This was especially true since it was believed to have been divinely inspired. In general, since art played an important moral role in China, correct copying was important[9].Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Art: Art at Court specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These stone rubbings were copied back into painting form by the previously mentioned provincial governor. The Luohans were drawn in white on black, which is the way they would have appeared in a rubbing. This also gives them an almost cartoon-like ef fect. The eulogy written by the Emperor Qianlong appears in the upper right-hand corner. The images on the reverse are painted in gold. They look like jewelry hung on the screen. The forms of some of the plants depicted are variously contorted to fit into the space. This contortion also evokes for this viewer the action of nature and time on all living things. Others, like the bamboo in the first panel, are so realistic that they look as though one might touch them and find them living. These individual works of art were all installed together in a beautiful folding screen. It was lavishly crafted of â€Å"Purple sandalwood (zitan), lacquer, jade, and gold paint† [10]. This luxurious and flexible setting of the paintings would have allowed the Emperor to gaze at any combination of the images at once. The trees and shrubs on the reverse probably have symbolic meaning. Given the deep religious significance of the Luohans, this would be reasonable to infer. Information on their symbolism is not readily available, perhaps because their discovery is recent. However, there were traditional associations of plants noted elsewhere in the exhibit. Some sort of similar symbolism may be reflected in the screen paintings. For example, the ‘three friends of winter’, depicted in the Emperor’s heavily decorated window, are described as pine, bamboo, and blossoming plum[11]. It must be noted that within Chinese Buddhism, there were Luohan cults associated with a group of eighteen, and five hundred, as well as the sixteen. These, unlike the cult of the sixteen, are described as â€Å"not canonical†[12]. This means that they lacked the backing of scripture or religious authority. Thus, the Emperor, by commissioning the copying of the sixteen Luohans, writing eulogies for each one, and choosing to display the gift screen in a specially constructed niche, was giving his personal support to the sixteen-Arhat cult. This is very much like Michelle Ob ama dressing her daughters in J. Crew for the Presidential inaugural events, or Madonna wearing Kabbalistic symbols. That fashion, or that religious practice, becomes more popular with the population as a whole, as a result of the adoption by an opinion leader. In this way, the Emperor had the power to affect artistic and decorative choices all over the country.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indeed, Guanxiu’s images are said to have been reproduced all over China[13]. Was this entirely the result of the Emperor’s interest? This is certainly the view of some Chinese commentators. Sets of these images were reproduced in jade, and other materials and given as highly desirable gifts[14]. The Emperor’s interest certainly did not discourage the spread of these depictions. In fact, these depictions seem to continue to be reproduced in masss might include Monticello, Thomas Jefferson’s home, and that of Frederick Church, called Olana, both designed in every detail by their owner. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2011. â€Å"The Emperor’s Private Paradise†. Joo, Bong Seok. 2007. â€Å"The Arhat Cult in China from the Seventh through thirteen centuries: Narrative, art, space, and ritual†. Joo. Much like the founder of the Shaker movement, creating religiously symbolic images from a dream. This is much like gravestone rubbings that h istory buffs make today in old cemeteries. ShanghaiCentral.com China Art†. 2011. ShanghaiCentral. East Asian Library, University of California, Berkeley. 2004. â€Å"What is a Stone Rubbing?. † Kuiper, Katherine. Culture in China, 2010. Brittanica Educational Publishing. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2011. â€Å"The Emperors Private Paradise: Treasures from the Forbidden City†. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2011. â€Å"The Emperors Private Paradise: Treasures from the Forbidden City†. Joo. Watanabe. Masako. â€Å"Guanxiu and Exotic Imagery in Rakan Paintings†. ShanghaiCentral.com. â€Å"China Art†. Watanabe, Masako. Cook, Greg. â€Å"An Emperor’s Heaven on Earth†. The Providence Phoenix. Wikipedia. â€Å"Eighteen Lohans†. Wikipedia.org. 2011. Although Wikipedia is not usually considered a scholarly source, it was the most comprehensible description of the Luohan iconography readily available that could be cross-referenced aga inst the images on the screen itself. Metropolitan Museum of Art. â€Å"†Screen of Sixteen Double-Sided Panels†. Kuiper, Katherine. The Culture of China. Kuiper Metropolitan Museum of Art. â€Å"Pair of Screens†. Metropolitan Museum of Art. â€Å"Pair of Cabinets†. Metropolitan Museum of Art. â€Å"Root wood Chair†.