Intercultural Language Use

Intercultural Language Use Culture and language can be termed as brothers since they go together. It is proven that no language or culture that can stand by itself. The reason behind it is that where you will find a culture, there will be a certain language. For instance if you go to America you will find the culture there goes together with the language.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intercultural Language Use specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Like in when a child is born, definitely the child will be exposed to the surroundings and this plays a great role in enabling him or her become part and parcel of the cultural team. Both culture and language in a child is modeled by the people around them. (Jandt, 2004, p.187) A variety of disciplinary perspective for many years showed the relationship between language and culture. Different philosopher like linguists, anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists among other had different views in und erstanding cultural issue manipulating the facet of human behavior including cognition, perception, language and communication. It was during this time when An American linguist and anthropologist, Edward Sapir introduced the power of language to echo culture. (Jandt, 2004, p.188) In his hypothesis he confirmed that the manner in which we reflect and analysis the world verifies our language. He added that the cases of cultural language disparities have proven that some languages have precise words for thought while other languages utilize numerous words to stand for a precise notion. It is in this article where Edward Sapir showed that cultural differences have also been renowned in the method in which language is used practically. In their culture, innovative skills are normally trained and taught through oral tuition. It also said that in other cultures, innovative expertises are trained through nonverbal watching. He finally added that the dissimilarities in the societal tasks of adults and children are influenced by the language used. (Soler Jordan, 2008, p.12) The connection of language and culture attracted the interest of both theorectians and practitioners. It was during this period when Robert Lado the first person to compare the native culture and target culture and connected them to be a source of culture and language. In between 1970 and 1980, many areas in the world especially America, their researchers researched and debated the verbal discrepancy viewpoints. These viewpoints challenged anybody who never used Standard English and did not have an official language and termed that as verbally poor living.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though the oral view point has been confirmed unacceptable, it is clearly understood that the research done was to either sustain or dishonor that perspective as it was said by Bernstein one of the philosophers. This spiritual thought led to the differences in the way s language is used in different cultures and the way in which the language reflects the culture and it’s worldwide. (Soler Jordan, 2008, p.15) It was during this time when Bereiter and Engelmann dug deep in researching the language and culture as the article clarifies. These people did a lot in studying language dissimilarities among social groups including focal point and inferior income collection and tribal groups. The central part of the research recognizes precise dissimilarities in the way children from dissimilar socioeconomic and racial settings used language in and out of school. The suggestion of this research according to the article shows that it was widely argued and understood in dissimilar ways. (Jandt, 2004, p.192) Like in 1971, Basil Bernstein came up with dissimilar linguistic system used by children from inferior to central income families in England. This system led to different sy stems in level of living since the inferior income families used â€Å"restricted code† while the central income families used â€Å"elaborated code† (Jandt, 2004, p.193) where as the differences were not left behind even to places like in schools that led to a total difference in culture and language. It is also in this article, where it proofs that the language used by African American children was not an official language. They therefore opted that these children required serious coach in English in the school setting as it was researched by both Bereiter and Englemann. This was brought about in order to stick in the culture and language of the area. (Soler Jordan, 2008, p.18) There after another researcher came to defend the African America who saw how black people were seen inferior and argued that they should be given room to have their English. In his statistics it straight confronted the oral deficit theory since it recognized the detailed and systematic lingu istic belongings of Black English. In his research he argued that the Black English should be given room to stand by their own pertaining language. By doing this, the differences in which language and culture reflected each other were seen worldwide. (Jandt, 2004, p.195)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intercultural Language Use specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Language and culture are two terms that go together and they have a great impact in the world we live in. it has been proven that language and culture starts from the beginning of someone’s life. For instance you will find that a child will definitely grow according to the language and culture he or she has found. Although mingling of people is trying to cut short culture and language, every society is trying to put its language and culture in to existence. References List Jandt, F. (2004).Intercultural communication: a global reader. SAGE, pp.185-225. Soler, E., Jordan, M. (2008).Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning. Springer, pp. 11-29.

Discounts in Mandarin Chinese

Discounts in Mandarin Chinese Everyone loves a discount. The bigger the better. When youre shopping, its always a good idea to keep a  lookout for good deals and discount signs. If youre shopping or bartering in China or Taiwan, make sure to understand how discounts work in Chinese. Otherwise, you might end up paying for a price much higher than you expected! When it comes to Mandarin Chinese discounts, they are expressed the opposite of English. In English, discount signs are labeled as X% off. In Chinese stores, discount signs will tell you the percentage of the original price that you now have to pay.   So don’t get too excited when something is marked 9 折 (jiÇ” zhà ©); that doesnt mean 90% off. It means you can buy it for 90% of its regular price – a 10% discount. The format for discounts is number 折. Western (Arabic) numbers are used instead of Chinese characters. Here are some examples: 7 折qÄ « zhà ©30% off5 折wÇ” zhà ©50% off2.5 折à ¨r diÇŽn wÇ” zhà ©75% off You might be confused as to how 7 refers to 70% rather than 7%, 5 refers to 50% rather than 5%, and so on. This is because 7  Ã¦Å Ëœ means 0.7 times the price. If an item originally costs $100 but has a  7  Ã¦Å Ëœ discount, then the final cost is 0.7 x $100, or $70.   So when looking out for discount signs in Chinese, remember that the smaller the number, the bigger the discount.

Health Systems and Healthcare Systems Coursework - 5

Health Systems and Healthcare Systems - Coursework Example Key among the roles of the government is to provide every Nigerian access to basic healthcare facilities without discrimination. In Nigeria, primary health care services are available in both the rural and urban areas. The agencies provide basic care to citizens regardless of their class or status. There are various aspects supporting the evaluation of the primary health care services in Nigeria. Primary health care services also include training on prevailing health problem and techniques of controlling and preventing the problems. It ensures proper nutrition among citizens and promotion of food supply and childcare, family planning immunization and prevention against major infectious diseases. There is significant evidence in the health promotion interventions making active enhancement of human health care. Primary healthcare also concerns the satisfaction of health- related Millennium Development Goals among the marginalized group and poor members of the population. World health organization (WHO) applies health promotion techniques to health and related social system and various risk factors including disease and health issues. Organizations are concerned with improving the quality of life by performing health promotion services. Health promotion has crucial roles to play in fostering public health policies and health -supportive environments promoting positive social conditions and skills promoting healthy lifestyles (Boman & Isiaka 2015, p.1). World health organization supports the country in improving infrastructure for organizing planning and initiating multispectral health policies and programs in Nigeria. Health system concentrates towards health promotion promotions initiatives including and their capabilities geared towards promoting health. There are advocacy and social mobilization for policy in support of health

Motivation and Retention of Adult Online Sophomore Students Research Proposal - 1

Motivation and Retention of Adult Online Sophomore Students - Research Proposal Example The purpose of the study is to find out â€Å"Why the level of adult online dropout is increasing and how to motivate and retain the adult online sophomore students?† Various issues that may lead to an online dropout may vary from issue of isolation, disconnectedness to technological problems. According to an online survey conducted to understand the various reasons of online dropouts of sophomore students, reasons are varied and unique to each individual dropout. Although there are very less literature work as well as national statistics on online adult sophomore dropouts, a recent report published in â€Å"Chronicle of Higher Education† indicates that â€Å"Institutions report dropout rates ranging from 20 to 50 percent for online learners and administrators of online courses agree that dropout rates are often 10 to 20 percentage points higher in online offerings than in their face-to-face counterparts† (Frankola, n.d.). The Institute for Higher Education Policy (IHEP), in a research report conducted in the 1999, on the effectiveness of online learning, found that there are higher rate of sophomore dropouts in online learning than the traditional institutions. There are two theories which may provide an outline on dropout of online adult sophomore students. Tinto’s Student Integration Model and Bean’s Model of Student Departure are the two theories. The â€Å"Tinto’s Student Integration Model theory theorizes how well the individual’s motivation and academic ability match the institution’s academic and social characteristics. This match shapes a person’s commitment to completing college and commitment to the institution. The second theory, Bean’s Model of Student Departure, predicts persistence based on behavioral intention† (Willging & Johnson, 2004, p. 104). According to the US Census Bureau (2000), â€Å"one in every three Americans is a sophomore dropout†. It is becoming a

Sensory Perceptions Essay Example for Free

Sensory Perceptions Essay Three reasons for believing in the accuracy or inaccuracy of sensory information is perception, interpretation, and knowledge. Perception is our sensory experience of the world around us and involves both the recognition of environmental stimuli and actions in response to these stimuli (Bagley, 2004). Through the perceptual process, we gain information about properties and elements of the environment that are critical to our survival. Perception not only creates our experience of the world around us, and it also allows us to act within our environment. Interpretation is a communication process, designed to reveal meanings, and relationships of our cultural and natural heritage, through involvement with objects, artifacts, landscapes and sites. Interpretation is how we perceive certain situations through our own thoughts and beliefs. Knowledge is a familiarity with someone or something, which can include facts, information, descriptions, or skills acquired through experience or education. It can refer to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject), and it can be more or less formal or systematic. The definitions of perception, interpretation, and knowledge are closely entwined when it comes to the accuracy or inaccuracy of sensory information because people perceive all information differently. People have different interpretation of life and how they view certain topics. What may be true to you may not be true to me. Knowledge depends on the experience level of the person involved. Sensory data is your senses, which are seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, tasting, and feeling of motion, movement, and gravity. All this information from our senses is collected in the brain, then organized and used for all of our activities. According to Kirby/Goodpaster, 2007, our senses do not operate effectively when we are sick, drowsy, or tired. The world is not always what it seems on the surface and therefore our perception becomes misconstrued. Because our brain feeds and process information about sights, sounds, textures, smells, tastes and movement in an organized way, we put meaning to our sensory experiences, therefore, we are able to respond and behave accordingly. We may not see the world as it is that’s where accuracy of sensory information is determined. False information can be provided with just alone senses but working together with the accuracy of sensory information will make the chances greater. Three reasons to believe in the accuracy of sensory information are; the ability to use our senses to provide data so that our brain can identify the truth senses help tie the brain and emotions together, and gives the mind the potential to determine what reality is. The reasons listed above are extremely important when it comes to the accuracy of sensory information because there will be consequences that would mean you’re changing the world around you. The idea of subjective reality asserts that reality and of the â€Å"truths† in the universe changes between individuals (Kirby Goodpaster, 2007). Meaning, although there may be objective truths in the universe, each person perceives these truths and experiences them differently, and because of everyone’s own unique perspective of the world, each lives in their own world existing in an altered state of objective reality (Kirby Goodpaster, 2007). Sense perception all comes down to being able to exist in a world we know it. Sensory data relies heavily on experience. So therefore, nature and nurture plays a role in a person’s behavior. A person may be born with the same behavioral patterns as their parents, but it might take a certain experience to make the behavior come forth. The different situations people experience makes a huge difference on their sensory data. They may change their perceptions based on the good experiences and bad experiences in their life. It is appropriate to separate the contributions of genetics and experience when measuring the sensory data among individuals because every individual carries different genes and is also raised differently. Nature and nurture will always be an issue, because there is no way of telling what affects a person more. We are all different and I don’t believe that we are supposed to figure out why we are the way we are.

Culture Shock in The American Expatriate Community Essay -- Social Iss

Dealing with Culture Shock in American Expatriate Community The American expatriate community is the population of all Americans that are temporarily or permanently living outside the borders of the United States. These overseas-Americans, numbering over 6.32 million strong (Association for American Residents Overseas), confront many issues when they leave their homeland and transition to a new life in a foreign country. These issues can include dealing with the local language or trying to unravel the esoteric tax laws overseas workers must follow. One of the major issues that American expatriates (or â€Å"expats†) confront is the issue of culture shock (Top Eight). Culture shock, in general, is the stress a person may feel experiencing an unfamiliar way of life after immigration, visiting a new country, or a move between social environments (Macionis and Gerber 54). Culture shock results from differences in culture like language or values toward personal space or cleanliness. Cultural differences that cause culture shock have been classified by Annelies E. M. Van Vianen, Irene E. De Pater, Amy L. Kristof-Brown and Erin C. Johnson in their article â€Å"Fitting In: Surface- and Deep-Level Cultural Differences and Expatriates' Adjustment" as being either â€Å"surface-level† differences or â€Å"deep-level† differences (700). Surface-level differences are those differences that are readily apparent to new expats. These would be things like food, housing conditions, climate and other easily observable aspects that a tourist would notice on vacation. Other aspects of a culture, like beliefs and values (such as openness to change and attitudes toward self-advancement), are classified as deep-level differences. An expat will only recognize de... ...ra. â€Å"A Needs-Driven Approach to Expatriate Adjustment and Career Development: A Multiple Mentoring Perspective† Journal of International Business Studies , Vol. 36, No. 5 (Sep., 2005), pp. 519-538, JSTORS. Web. 4 Apr. 2012 Schilling, Maria.†Avoid Expat Culture Shock† HR Magazine, July 1993, FindArticles.com. Web. 12 Apr, 2012. "Shaking Hands Around the World." Welcome to Wisc-Online.com. Wisc-Online. Web. 01 Mar. 2012. . "The Top Eight Expat Concerns According to HSBC." Expat Info Desk. ExpatInfoDesk International Limited, 4 May 2011. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. Weeks, Kelly P., Mathew Weeks, and Katherine Willis-Muller. "The Adjustment of Expatriate Teenagers." Personnel Review 39.1 (2010): 24-43. Emerald Insight. Emerald Insight. Web. 27 Feb. 2012. .

Communication Barries Essay

Communication is the imparting or exchanging information and news with people around us. Therefore, communication is an important theme for our daily life. Without communications well in this generation, people may cause conflict between each other. Communication as well contains barriers like non-verbal signals, language, pre-judgement, relationships, listening, systems and emotional responses. According to my past communication barriers that I have experienced, in the past, I do not know how to speak or read in Chinese because I have study and use to the environment there in English primary school since I was young. After I finished my primary school, I entered the secondary school. I have found out that I am having difficulties to communicate with my schoolmates and teacher and they can’t communicate well with me. Moreover, in the secondary school now, as a Chinese student, the Chinese students are compulsory to attend Chinese classes and take the Chinese subject as a main subject other than the bahasa subject. Not just that, I often having misunderstanding with my classmates with my language too. Next, I have also found that their lifestyle was totally different from me. For example, every Friday, the Muslim’s student will have to go for their pray in the noon of 12pm so that we also have to stop our class lesson on 12pm every Friday. In this situation, I have analyzed the problem that I am not use to it in my secondary school. First of all, I am having the problem of one of the communication barrier, language. The meaning in English to Chinese and Malay have various of different meaning that I can’t crop up and sometimes I could misunderstanding what are they trying to send me a message in a conversation. Next, the cultural problem. I may have not use to their cultural in the Malay secondary school. For example, I did not know that in the Chinese culture of sending them clock as a gift by meaning sending them off to death. Not just that, I have found out that Malay could not eat non-halal foods while the Chinese can’t eat cows. Lastly, the listening problem. As I use to the English’s school environment, sometimes I could misunderstand of my classmate speak to me. It is hard for me to crop up by sudden changing of my environment lifestyle. In order for me to encounter that I faced, I have been study and doing some research of language in my secondary school. I was impelled to follow up to the tuition classes to strengthen my Chinese and Malay’s language. Not just that, during my school time, I was practicing language with my classmates or even noted down that words to look for the dictionary to find out the meaning. As for the cultural problem, my classmates told me about their cultural lifestyle during recess or free time. I have learned one of the Malay’s lifestyle of eating by using the right hand. Moreover, if there any special occasion, my classmate would invite me to their house to celebrate with them so that I could easily understand their culture. Lastly, the listening, I encountered the problem by asking them to repeat or explain of what are they trying to message me during our conversation.

DataDot Case Study on HRM

In Practice Introduction A young high-tech company, Tattoo, has grown rapidly during the last few years and it is very clear that the CEO, Paul, has kept the entrepreneurial spirit of the company. Due to the rapid growth, there has been a restructure of the company with now three managers in three business units; although, the managers are in charge of applications, communications and Internet solutions, Paul is still the single point of contact for all staff and has the final say in most decision, making it very difficult for the managers to do their job.In the recent months, Paul has notice that the employees are not motivated and are loosing the passion and enthusiasm they had shown for the firm in the past, furthermore, a few people have left the company already. In a recent case, one of the Java developers had expressed dissatisfaction with his salary and although Paul Increased his salary, the employee decided to leave anyway. An action Is needed and drastic changes have to be made on Human Resource (HRS).Marc's Case Apparently, there must have been something wrong which led to a result where Marc decided to resign anyway although Paul had offered him a raise in salary for 15%. One of the possible reasons would be because Marc felt that Paul did not pay enough attention to his case. Paul did not handle Marc's situation promptly and held it for few days. Marc might have felt that he was again being neglected and had lost his trust for Paul.The second reason is that Marc's manager, Lisa, did not pay attention on the condition of her subordinates wellbeing, which might have caused by Pall's decision to take all the human resource Issues directly into his own hands. Lisa did not even notice Marc's intention to leave the company and also has not had a anger-subordinate talk with Marc for a long time since she has been busy focusing on business development work. There Is no a proper human resource management and salary system in the company so that employees pe rformance could easily be overlooked or unnoticeable.However, Paul should prevent of losing Marc because the situation states that it is very hard to find an experienced Java- developer in the market. He could start by having a sincere talk with Marc, in person, and try to figure out the real reason behind Marc's resignation, whether it was only because of unsatisfying wage. Was this a sole case or general issue? Paul could also try to find some feedback from Marc about the him/company/the managers. They could figure what to do next by firstly clarifying the above Issue.Next, Paul should delegate the department's people issue to Its manager. Lisa should be able to focus her work not only on the tasks but also on her team's people Issue. Low Employee Morale As described previously with Marc's case, It Is obvious that the company's reporting lines are not formalized, this creates a little friction between Paul and the unit need the approval of Paul. Those managers might feel that they do not have enough impact on the organization's performance due to the over-controlling nature of the CEO.As companies grow, it is very important to set in place a plan where the newly developed business units have managers that are autonomous and able to manage projects, personnel and budgets, but not without a proper guidance and performance evaluations. Since there is no clear role for RE in the company, it is very difficult to identify the changes of personnel internally and externally. For example, it is known that there has been unhappiness and denomination among employees, but body does a real enquiry about what is really happening.On one hand, there are some internal issues like the interactions of Paul with the staff and how the staff is feeling less in touch with management; on the other hand, a few employees have complained about their remuneration, but no one has done a research about the changes of the local IT Job market and make an adequate adjustment. As employees f eel that they are not being recognized by their work, not Just monetarily, but when they feel neglected and unappreciated, they will show denomination, a loss of their ensue of belonging and loss commitment for their company.A Mid-Term Plan We are playing a role as a consultant in this case. We would suggest and help TATTOO or Paul to improve his company system, which would benefit himself and the whole company, using Engagement Principles: 1 . Introduce and socialist the company's vision, mission, and goal to the employees as often as necessary to create an understanding for the employees about their employer and company. Let the employees embrace the broad picture of the company and help plant a sense of belonging towards the company. What is Tattoo meaning? 2.Create a system where the company and employees would be able to keep track on employees' performances. The company should be able to know how capable and competence their employees really are, also to give proper support to the employees skill improvement, if necessary. The employees need to be able to feel that they gain adding value by working in Tattoo. Set up an effective performance evaluation system for employees. E. G, Marc and other employees should be able to know and feel that their works are appreciated and rewarded. 3. Implement a feedback chem†¦Tattoo will benefit a lot from getting the employees' feedback. Tattoo needs to encourage and motivate the employees to give feedback or suggestion about their company, could be by giving incentives for the special effort. E. G, Today's employees would feel their voice are heard by the feedback scheme. Tattoo would get some good insights, which could help improve the company. 4. Set up a clear organization structure and Job description. Once Tattoo came up with a fix organization structure and Job description, they must be consistent and committed to it.It involves a total Job delegation will stimulate initiative taking within clear boundaries . It will create sense of discipline amongst the workers and also enable people to make an informed choice. E. G, Lisa and other managers should be able to handle their team issues and tasks without Pall's full interference. The above are the core ingredients to create and manage engaged employees. Engaged employees will lead to a better and healthier working environment. It would also help to improve the Tattoo company system by having an HRS person or, better yet, better organized.

DoubleClick Inc Marketing Strategies

DoubleClick Inc Marketing Strategies DoubleClick Inc is an internet marketing and advertising corporation. The company was established in the year 1995 as an internet application service provider (Schwabach, 2006). Unlike other internet service providers, the company specializes in ad-serving and banner ads.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on DoubleClick Inc Marketing Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the year 1998, the company was listed among several prominent internet companies such as AOL, Yahoo, and Vista. During this period, the company’s dynamic advertising, reporting, and targeting services were rated the best in the world. With such reputation, the company was able to increase its targeting and reporting of advertisement services. In the year 1999, Abacus Direct Company merged with the company. Abacus Direct Company focused on data collection. With their association, there were fears that secret web-serving profiles collec ted by Abacus would be compromised. In the year 20007, Google acquired DoubleClick Inc. Currently, the company is fully owned by Google. The company generates money from internet advertisers and publishers through ad-serving, ad-delivery, and behavioral targeting. For the above operations to be successful, the company collects its data from the internet users’ online activities. A number of information collected by the company includes web browser, operating system, ISP, bandwidth, and time of the day. The data are recorded in the company’s generic DoubleClick cookie. This cookie captures the time the online user saw the advert, advert placement id, user’s id, client’s IP address, and user’s referral URL.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through this, the company can precisely pinpoint the time and date the user saw the advert . Similarly, by analyzing the users’ IP addresses the company can pinpoint the users’ countries, towns, and cities. Through frequency capping technology, the company uses the cookie information it captures to target advertisements with regard to the number of times a user accesses a specific message on the internet. When the cookie is connected with an Adsense site and a specific web browser user signs into another website through the site, similar data will be documented and shared. After a while, speculations on the users’ interests will be formulated. Through this, it can be guessed whether the user likes football, basketball, music, or any other activity. If substantial browsers exhibit similar outlines, they become part of a segment. These segments are labeled based on their users’ interests. Through these labels, the company can let advertisers select the type of users they want to access their adverts. The company’s major customers are adver tising, marketing, and media organizations. DoubleClick’s services and technologies are sold directly to these customers. Through these services, potential online users can access customers’ adverts. The company employs the DART technology to establish the ads to be delivered to specific users. Through this approach, the company can aid websites and marketers to distribute their adverts. For web publishers, the data sold to them enables them to modernize their functions allowing them to gain the best price for their impressions. On the other hand, advertisers and agencies can make use of the information obtained from the company to reinforce and ease complex online campaigns. On the company’s website, the company has outlined its privacy policy. The policy asserts that the company will safeguard the users’ security details. With thorough analysis, an individual will realize that the company’s privacy policy outlined on their website is inadequate.A dvertising We will write a custom case study sample on DoubleClick Inc Marketing Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company does not address the issue of users’ privacy adequately (Oz, 2008). Given the fact that the company has been accused in the past for violating individual privacy rights, the company should have outlined adequate privacy policies on its website. In this regard, the company should inform users how their data is collected and used. As such, the company should inform internet users that they monitor their online activities and that they associate these activities with their address and gender. Similarly, if the users are informed of these acts, they should be given a chance to determine whether they are willing to monitored by the company. If the users are not willing to be monitored, their privacy rights should be respected. Equally, on the website the company has not outlined a general privacy policy in a bid to avoid legal issues with the users. If the company details its general privacy policies on its websites, it might have to detail their operations and their relation to individual privacy rights. In this event, the company will expose to the public how their operations contravene individuals’ rights to secrecy. Currently, the company is marred by several controversies. The company has several pending lawsuits related private policy issues. Similarly, some users have accused the company for misleading them. According to these users, the company lies to the users that they can freely opt out of its IP address-based tracking system. In reality, the users’ opt-out option is ineffective. To avoid damaging its reputation, the company should rebuild the users and operators trust by formulating appropriate private policies.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Equally, the company should outline these policies on their website for everyone to access them. These policies should be accurate and clear (Lucey, 2005). References Lucey, T. (2005). Management information systems (9th ed.). London: Thomson Learning. Oz, E. (2008). Management Information Systems (6th ed.). New York: Course Technology Ptr. Schwabach, A. (2006). Internet and the law: technology, society, and compromises. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO.

Battle of Chickamauga - American Civil War - William Rosecrans - Braxton Bragg

Battle of Chickamauga - American Civil War - William Rosecrans - Braxton Bragg Battle of Chickmauga - Conflict: The Battle of Chickamauga was fought during the American Civil War. Battle of Chickamauga - Dates: The Army of the Cumberland and Army of Tennessee battled on September 18-20, 1863. Armies Commanders at Chickamauga: Union Major General William Rosecrans56,965 men Confederate General Braxton BraggLieutenant General James Longstreet70,000 men Battle of Chickamauga - Background: Through the summer of 1863, Major General William S. Rosecrans, commanding the Union Army of the Cumberland, conducted a skillful campaign of maneuver in Tennessee. Dubbed the Tullahoma Campaign, Rosecrans was able to repeatedly force General Braxton Braggs Army of Tennessee to retreat until it reached its base at Chattanooga. Under orders to capture the valuable transportation hub, Rosecrans did not wish to directly assault the citys fortifications. Instead, utilizing the railroad network to the west, he began moving south in an effort to sever Braggs supply lines. Pinning Bragg in place with a diversion at Chattanooga, Rosecrans army completed crossing the Tennessee River on September 4. Advancing, Rosecrans encountered rough terrain and poor roads. This forced his four corps to take separate routes. In the weeks prior to Rosecrans movement, Confederate authorities had grown concerned about the defense of Chattanooga. As a result, Bragg was reinforced by troops from Mississippi and the bulk of Lieutenant General James Longstreets corps from the Army of Northern Virginia. Reinforced, Bragg abandoned Chattanooga on September 6, and moved south to attack Rosecrans dispersed columns. This allowed Major General Thomas L. Crittendens XXI Corps to occupy the city as part of its advance. Aware that Bragg was in the field, Rosecrans ordered his forces to concentrate to prevent them from being defeated in detail. On September 18, Bragg sought to attack XXI Corps near Chickamauga Creek. This effort was frustrated by Union cavalry and mounted infantry led by Colonels Robert Minty and John T. Wilder. Battle of Chickamauga - Fighting Begins: Alerted to this fighting, Rosecrans ordered Major General George H. Thomas XIV Corps and Major General Alexander McCooks XX Corps to support Crittenden. Arriving on the morning of September 19, Thomas men took a position north of XXI Corps. Believing that he only had cavalry on his front, Thomas ordered a series attacks. These encountered the infantry of Major Generals John Bell Hood, Hiram Walker, and Benjamin Cheatham. The fighting raged through the afternoon as Rosecrans and Bragg committed more troops to the fray. As McCooks men arrived, they were placed in the Union center between XIV and XXI Corps. As the day wore on, Braggs numerical advantage began to tell and Union forces were slowly pushed back towards the LaFayette Road. As darkness fell, Rosecrans tightened his lines and prepared defensive positions. On the Confederate side, Bragg was reinforced by the arrival of Longstreet who was given command of the left wing of the army. Braggs plan for the 20th called for successive attacks from north to south. The battle recommenced around 9:30 AM when Lieutenant General Daniel H. Hills corps attacked Thomas position. Battle of Chickamauga - Disaster Ensues: Beating back the attack, Thomas called for Major General James S. Negleys division which was supposed to be in reserve. Due to an error, Negleys men had been put in the line. As his men shifted north, Brigadier General Thomas Woods division took their place. For the next two hours Rosecrans men repeatedly defeated the Confederate attacks. Around 11:30, Rosecrans, not knowing the precise locations of this units, erred and issued orders for Wood to shift position. This opened a gaping hole in the Union center. Alerted to this, McCook began moving the divisions of Major General Philip Sheridan and Brigadier General Jefferson C. Davis to plug the gap. As these men were moving forward, Longstreet launched his assault on the Union center. Exploiting the hole in the Union line, his men were able to strike the moving Union columns in the flank. In short order, the Union center and right broke and began fleeing the field, carrying Rosecrans with them. Sheridans division made a stand on Lytle Hill, but was forced to withdraw by Longstreet and a flood of retreating Union soldiers. Battle of Chickamauga - The Rock of Chickamauga With the army falling back, Thomas men held firm. Consolidating his lines on Horseshoe Ridge and Snodgrass Hill, Thomas defeated a series of Confederate assaults. Farther north, the commander of the Reserve Corps, Major General Gordon Granger, dispatched a division to Thomas aid. Arriving on the field they helped block an attempt by Longstreet to envelop Thomas right. Holding until nightfall, Thomas withdrew under the cover of darkness. His stubborn defense earned him the nickname The Rock of Chickamauga. Having incurred heavy casualties, Bragg elected not to pursue Rosecrans broken army. Aftermath of the Battle of Chickamauga The fighting at Chickamauga cost the Army of the Cumberland 1,657 killed, 9,756 wounded, and 4,757 captured/missing. Bragg losses were heavier and numbered 2,312 killed, 14,674 wounded, and 1,468 captured/missing. Retreating back to Chattanooga, Rosecrans and his army were soon besieged in the city by Bragg. Shattered by his defeat, Rosecrans ceased be an effective leader and was replaced by Thomas on October 19, 1863. The siege of the city was broken in October following the arrival of the commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi, Major General Ulysses S. Grant, and Braggs army shattered the following month at the Battle of Chattanooga. Selected Sources CWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of ChickamaugaNational Park Service: Battle of ChickamaugaBattle of Chickamauga

Dual Coding Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dual Coding Theory - Research Paper Example Dual Coding Theory Dual coding theory emphasizes that people should not ignore the aspect of non-verbal processing of information, and concentrate on verbal processing. Today, many people rely on resources from the web for their learning requirements, and it is imperative to distinguish web sites that can benefit students and those that cannot benefit students (Jairath & Mills, 2005). The assumption of the dual coding theory is that there exist two cognitive systems in the human mind. One system specializes in the processing and representation of nonverbal objects while the other system focuses on language (Jairath & Mills, 2005). This theory has been applied in many fields of learning, which include language, problem solving and concept learning. According to Clark & Paivio (1991), dual coding theory focuses on mental processes and mental and mental structures. The mental structures are networks that are associative of imaginable and verbal representations. On the other hand, mental processes focus on the activation and development of the mental structures, including the effect of the physical and the social context in learning. Dual coding theory asserts that mental representations relate to distinct nonverbal and verbal properties, and symbolic modes of events of concrete sensorimotor, which form the basis of this theory. Any learning program should consider the verbal system, which contains auditory, visual and verbal codes that are articulate. The development of a web-based program of learning should create a comprehensive approach that captures all the essential aspects of dual coding theory.... the designers of learning programs to develop the nonverbal representation like environmental sounds, actions, visceral or skeletal expressions that symbolize emotions and images that symbolize shape. Designers of learning programs recognize that the principal purpose of learning and education is to acquire knowledge (Clark & Paivio, 1991). Knowledge is transferred to many people through tutorial lessons or private study. Private study has played a significant role in promoting the utilization of web-based research. This has called for improvement of web sources of information so that they can meet the knowledge demands of learners. Dual coding theory proceeds to provide guidelines, which facilitate program designers to ensure that the psychological mechanisms of learning from texts and web pages are designed appropriately (Khan, 2001). Learning program designers follow the avenue that education relevant knowledge is verbally represented in notes and textbooks. Further, nonverbal ima ging of information triggers a student’s ease of comprehension of text meaning. The dual coding theory in practice emphasizes that human beings have several systems that process information. Therefore, several channels of communication should be used to convey information in teaching, and in designing learning programs (Jairath & Mills, 2005). The theory informs the designers that the learning of students is influenced in a positive way by presenting illustrations and texts together. Furthermore, animations by computers provide an influential means for presenting learners with visually based information. Learning program designers imitate the idea of dual coding theory since it fosters imagery with mental images that help learners to develop sharp remembering skills. Further, program

Analysis of the Benchmark for External Auditors Assignment

Analysis of the Benchmark for External Auditors - Assignment Example Without exception, all external auditors should not allow their independence to be affected by his or her own interests. For, Auditing Standards mandate that external auditors must accept an audit engagement if they feel that their self-interests affect their independence. Independence means not only independence in fact but also go hand in hand with independence through appearance. The Auditing Standards on independence rule states that the auditor must not have any material self-interest in the clients. An auditor has self-interest if the auditor, the auditor's spouse, and children own a share of stock or two in the audit client. The Companies Act of 1948 is the legal framework for external auditors to follow in terms of independence (Power 1997, 17). Clearly, many auditors will not allow their independence to be affected by self -interests. Likewise, it is mandatory that all external auditors will not allow their independence to be affected by self - review. The auditor is required under all audit situations to consider if self -review will affect his independence. The auditor must not continue with the auditor sign as an external auditor if he or she believes that self-review will infringe on the auditor's independence. Clearly, it is mandatory that all external auditors will not allow their independence to be affected by self - review. Further, all external auditors should not allow their independence to be affected by advocacy. The auditor's membership in a group will have a strong impression that the auditor is not being independent in terms of auditing a client. The Code of Ethics for external auditors commands that the external auditor must not have his membership in an organization affect the independence of the auditors. The auditors must be independent in fact and in appearance. For any sign that tinges on decreasing the independence of the external auditor would signal that the external auditor should immediately withdraw from the engagement. Definitely, all external auditors should not allow their independence to be affected by advocacy. Furthermore, all external auditors must not permit their independence to be affected by familiarity. It is a fact that many external auditors can easily finish their audit assignments for many of their former audit clients. The auditors will just focus on accounts that seem doubtful or where the internal control is weak because they had already issued an unqualified opinion on the prior financial statement.  Ã‚