Environment Of North East India North Eastern Region History Essay

Environment Of atomic morsel 7 East India mating east bea History EssayCHAPTER 2The northerly Eastern region appoints borders with Bhutan, Nepal and main territory china on its North, Myanmar on its East and Bangladesh on its South and western United affirms, approximately 60% of Indias land borders. It is the only region in South Asia to be situated amid quin countries. The jungles of South East Asia sweep down from Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh across 7 other nations Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Kampuchea, Malaysia and Vietnam-spanning g everywherenmental boundaries regardless of physical frontiers. The region provides adit for China to the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean. Lhasa is 1200 Km from Kolkota Port and Kunming is 550 Km from Sittwe port in Myanmar. Nepal is dependent on Kolkota port for all its c every set out. Similarly Bhutans economy is linked to India through Assam and West Bengal. Myanmar is a accession for India to South East Asia through this region and Bangladesh is a prominent wedge between Indian mainland and its North East severalises. Each virtuoso of these countries is in a put forward of influx and economic turmoil, constrained by legitimacy issues. There are political, economic and demarcation grievances as a fallout of small- big power syndrome. They are providing sanctuaries to the insurgent groups from the North Eastern region. Fake Indian Currency Notes (FICN) in large quantity is finding their way into the North East from the neighboring countries.The region has an domain of a function of 2.6 lakh sq.km (8.06% of Indias land area)1while its population is 39 million plus (3.73 % of Indias population)2. It has estimated483 ethnic tribes with a compar sufficient get of languages and dialects3. The region has immense geo strategicalal importance and the current insurgencies and the implementation of the Look East Policy is a matter of grave concern to the G all overnment and the strategic planner s of the country.Ethnic coalitions, oral traditions and lifestyles based on respect for nature pass water mattered more(prenominal) in these regions than frontiers. Here men and women, with common origins but different nationalities, share a racial, historic, anthropological and linguistic kinship with each other that is more vital than their links with the mainstream political centers, especially at Delhi, Dhaka and Rangoon, or Yangon.Neighbouring Countries of the North Eastern RegionBangladeshGeo -Strategic Location. Bangladesh is bounded with India al intimately entirely on three sides with Assam (263 km.), Meghalaya (443 km.), Mizoram (318 km.) and Tripura(856km.) miss for a small but significant border in the sou-east with Myanmar. There are hardly any natural obstacles as the area consists of jungles, heaps, plains and riverine stretches. It is thickly populated and cultivation is carried out right up to the border. The Indo-Bangladesh border is a porous border with hot i mmigration and anti national activities from Bangladesh. To curtail the above, the presidency of India had sanctioned the construction of border roads and fencing in cardinal phases. The total length of Indo-Bangladesh border sanctioned to be fenced is 3,436.59 km. out of which about 2,735.12 km. of fencing has so far been completed and is expected to be finished by March 2012.4CUsersabcDocumentspaasInternal Security _ India_files uniting_east_india.jpgThis border is contiguous with Myanmar say of Rakhine (old Arakan), thus gains importance. Its geo-strategic location is of significant value to the devil strategic rivals, China and India, because in the north Bangladesh is separated from the Himalayan kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan by a strip of Indias territory, which is known as the Siliguri Corridor5.The Siliguri Corridor (narrowest is 21 Km) is regarded as a very sensitive strategic land for India. If this land connection is blocked in future by any internal or external eleme nts, India would find itself cut off from its strategic part of the vii Sisters states, so in that situation the only alternative way for India to reach its important part of land is a strategic corridor through Bangladesh.China enjoys access to the Bay of Bengal through Myanmar. Bangladeshs proposal to connect it with Kunming by a road through Myanmar could be an alternative route for China. Indias geo-strategic location is similarly important for Bangladesh because Bangladesh vitality security system relies on the import of hydro-based electricity from Bhutan or Nepal, so Bangladesh needs a route for access through India.Successive governments in Bangladesh except Awami League were reluctant to help North East India get access to the Bay of Bengal through Chittagong port as well as by allowing transit. However, later Sheikh Hasina came to power Bangladesh has as well concord to use their territory for transportation of goods on specific purposes. Bangladesh Foreign Minister Dipu Moni also indicated that Dhaka would welcome Indian have got for Chittagong Port development where China is also bidding.6With a growing Islamist agenda, the erstwhile East Pakistan had emerged as the primary staging ground for the ISI-Directorate General of Forces intuition (DGFI) operations in the North East. The erstwhile East Pakistan was aiding the Mizo and the Naga separatists before 1971. The DGFI, as is well known, is a smaller prototype of the ISI and was created in 1978 by Gen Zia-ur-Rahman, and presently it is this governance that has taken the initiative to launch forward intelligence capabilities in the North East.After the assassination of Sheikh Mujibir Rehman in 1975, there had been a transparent peddle of the foreign policy of Bangladesh towards China. Bangladesh has been acquiring their abnegation and development needs from China. In 2002, both the countries had signed an agreement on Defence Cooperation which covers troops training and defence producti on. The Bangladesh Armed Forces are equipped with tanks, frigates, missile boats and fighter jets from China.7Migration .Migration from the erstwhile East Bengal/ East Pakistan and the present day Bangladesh to eastern and North Eastern parts of India has been an ongoing phenomenon8. Only after the partition of India in 1947, following which the political boundaries changed has this age -old tradition pose Illegal. This cross- border movement of people is due to a issuance of interrelated grammatical constituents economic, environmental, religious and political. Bangladesh is one of the most populous and poo bide countries in the world. Hence Bangladesh is a major(ip) source of labour, but mainly of low skilled and menial workers. This immigration in the North East was riveted in Assam because of tea, oil and coal industries and the demand for labour. From Assam the immigrants are going to other states of the region. In recent sequences, Nagaland, on with Mizoram, Tripura, Ar unachal Pradesh and Manipur has attracted a large number of immigrants. In Mizoram, migration from Bangladesh and Myanmar has travel a serious issue. The influx from across the border has resulted in demographic transformation which has led to tribal insurgency in the states.Indo Bangladesh Relations. With the Sheikha Hasina government in power in Bangladesh, Indias dealing with that country seem set to improve. Bangladesh lies contiguous to Indias sensitive North East, which has been the focus of destabilization through anti Indian insurgencies payed by China, Myanmar and also Bangladesh, singly and jointly with Pakistan. However the security related issues need to be addressed. The issues take on the safe fuddlens provided to the Indian Insurgent Groups like the United exit Front of Assam (ULFA), activities of the Islamic Groups much(prenominal) as the Muslim Liberation Tigers of Assam (MULTA) and the People United Liberation Front (PULF), passage of arms and ammunition t hrough and from Bangladesh.The visit of the Bangladesh Prime Minister from10-13 January 2010 promised to launch a new phase in the ties between the two countries. Three agreements were signed fight against international terrorism, organized crime and illegal drug trafficking, mutual legal assistance in criminal matters and mutual channelize of convicted prisoners. If despite internal resistance from anti Indian elements and the bureaucracy, India Bangladesh relations can be steadily transformed, it will considerably improve the political and economic kinetics of the region. Bangladesh can play a positive part in linking the eastern region of South Asia to Myanmar, Thailand and beyond. A resolve however has to be found, to the problem of illegal Bangladesh migration into India.9The Prime Minister of India was on a two day visit to Bangladesh from 06-07 September 2011, during which many agreements less the Teesta River were signed. The boundary issues to include the 111 Indian Enclaves (17,158 acres) and 51 Bangladesh Enclaves (7,110 acres) were agreed upon.Water Problem. Water has been a major issue in India-Bangladesh relations. There are 54 shared rivers between India and Bangladesh. The two have till interpret signed only the Ganges Water Treaty in 1997. While the Treaty has helped the two countries to arrive at a mutually acceptable solution on the sharing of the water of the Ganges Bangladesh remains apprehensive about Indias intentions on several other water-related issues such(prenominal) as the sharing of the Teesta and Indias proposal on the interlinking of the rivers.10MyanmarGeo Strategic Location. Myanmar has a land border with India (1645 km) and Bangladesh. Four Indian states (Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram) border Myanmar (Kachin Chin states and Sagaing Division).Myanmar is often perceived to be a buffer state between the two Asian giants of India and China and also a connecting nation for India and other Southeast Asi an nations. Myanmar is geographicalally, dominating the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea and this is where the spheres of influence of India and China overlap. Its strategic location provides Myanmar with an opportunity to play a significant role in both the geopolitics and geo-economics of South and Southeast Asia. It can serve as a land bridge between India and prospering economies in the East and South East Asia. Also having good relations with Myanmar will allow India to check on the growing influence of China in the region. In addition, the availability of natural gun, oil, coal, zinc, precious stones, timber and some deposits of Uranium in Myanmar gives an economic dimension to its strategic significance. With the interplay of market forces across the borders, Myanmar could be both a favoured destination and a crossroad for other Southeast Asian countries and for India, but in reality it has failed to get either of these primarily because of its internal political problems. Unlike China, the grim realities of military dictatorship, isolation from rest of the world and several economic sanctions from West have curb the nation to achieve economic success over time. The Chinese have made full use of this situation and have been stripping Myanmar of its natural resources.administrative Map of MyanmarThe central Irrawaddy River valley is the hub somewhat which Myanmar is organized. The valley has the hill areas where the population is of primarily the Kachin, Chin, Shan, Karenni and Karen people. These people are self organized and have their own armies and standard forces and they have been fighting the national army since a long period. However, these hill regions which are populated by the minority are ethnically divided from within. They have migrated from China, Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia and India. Due to this reason, the western Myanmar which has the Chin population is not similar to the Karen in the eastern Myanmar in any manner. Similarly t here is no common factor in terms of language and culture between the Shans and the ethnic Burmans except for the Buddhist religion. In the case of the Arakans, their feeling is that they are not connected with the rest of Myanmar. The Indo- Myanmar border has no border fencing and not clearly demarcated, which allows people to freely cross with neither any security outpost dotted on or within even a few kilometers of the boundary. Communication infrastructure on both sides is poor particularly on the Myanmar side it is abysmal. The area is seedy developed and ineffectively administered.Historical Background. It was in the 13th Century that the Chinas Yuan dynasty invaded Myanmar and it has been since then under the shadow of the greater China. However, it is interesting to mention that at around the same time, Myanmar became the home of an Indian business community which became a great support to the British in holding Myanmar as a part of Greater British India. In 1948, it becam e a Union of Burma, which made it a sovereign independent country. During the period 1958-60, there was serious politico-ethnic turmoil. In March 1962, General Ne Win, led a coup after which he suspend the constitution of Burma and ruled the country with a military council and also supported one political party system known as the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP).This resulted in a spate of insurgency movements by the ethnic groups like the Kachin Independent Army(KIA),the Shan State Army( SSA),the Arakanese Revolutionary Army(ARA), the Chin case Army(CAN)and the National Party of Arakan (NUPA) against the Rangoon Military Junta.There were serious repercussions of the insurgency and the separatist movements in the Sagaing Division, Chin Hills and the Arakan Region of Burma. It had a major affect on the politico-strategic environment of the eastern areas of India and Bangladesh. In the Indian states, Manipur, Nagaland and Mizoram were directly affected by this, drug trafficki ng, narco-terrorism from the Golden Triangle and the political brinkmanship between the Burmese Military Government and the pro democracy movement led by Dow Aung Suu Kyi, daughter of General Aung San, who had been assassinated in July 1947. Myanmar governments writ does not extend over the entire country particularly along the border regions. The Myanmar army is poorly administered. If they are to render meaningful support in the long term, it will have to be upgraded.There is a compete diversity in Myanmar, which has a population of 56 million. Majority of the population is Burman and the minority groups are Shan, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Chin, Kachin, Kayan, Danu, Akha, Kokang, Lahu, Rohingyia, Tavoyan, and Wa. Indians and the Chinese are the minority groups in Myanmar and there has been discrimination in their treatment by the Myanmar Government for autonomy and self determination. The Chinese because of the economic interests and the trade have gained an added advantage. Chinas ov erride concern is a stable Myanmar to give its landlocked southwest access to the Indian Ocean, as well as oil, gas and timber to feed its comfortable economy. The Indian community is not a homogenous group which is also a drawback. Myanmar is a part of the Golden Triangle including Laos and Cambodia. It is the second largest producer of extramarital opium accounting for nearly 80% of worlds drug supply. It is a major narco-trafficking nation and money laundering continues to hinder the overall anti-drug efforts in the country. North East Region is affected through illegal trade of narcotics, stones and arms from that country into the hinterland of India. Thus there is a need of military co-operation between Myanmar and India to control the drug trafficking, weapon smuggle and support to the insurgents.india_weapons-smuggling croped.jpgIndia has taken initiative to improve her economic relationship with Myanmar by keeping possible doors open for bilateral engagement, like investme nt, infrastructure, trade and other co-operation. Trade with and through Myanmar would revive Indias Northeast and make both the nations prosperous. Also, Myanmar being Indias gateway to ASEAN, it is the only country of this group, which has a land and maritime boundary with India. Thus with India becoming a summit level partner of ASEAN and a member of the East Asia Summit, improved relations with Myanmar can be beneficial in many respects. Besides, Myanmar and India are members of other sub regional groupings such as the BIMST-EC and the Mekong Ganga Cooperation. The recent planned infrastructure development of road, rail and waterways from Indian side are all steps in the direction of establishing economic and business connections with Myanmar.In 1992, following the breakup of the Soviet Union, the Indian government launched its Look East Policy, which in the words of the then prime minister was a strategic shift in Indias vision of the world and Indias place in the evolving pla netary economy. Since that time, a number of initiatives have been pursued to increase ties, largely in trade relations, between India, members of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and other Asian states. As Indias gateway to East Asia, the Burmese military regime has found itself in a key geo-strategic position, giving it a strong hand in negotiations with India.In 2000, relations between India and Myanmar improved with the formation of the Mekong Ganga Cooperation and also by becoming the biggest purchasing player of the exports of Myanmar. Though the Indo Myanmar Friendship Road was completed in 2001, India has not been able to exploit its potential by reaching the markets of Southeast Asia. Indian companies have been involved in negotiations with Myanmar in the fields of onshore and shoreward explorations of oil and gas and hydropower projects.Kaladan Multi Modal Transport Project .The construction of the Kaladan Multi Modal Transport Project commenced in 2010 and is likely to be completed by 2015. This would facilitate Indias North Eastern Region to be linked to the Bay of Bengal through Myanmar using the road and waterway of the Kaladan River through the Arakan State. The ports on the route at Kaletwa, Paletwa and Sittwe will be constructed by the Indian Government, while the highway linking Paletwa and Myeikwaon on the Indian side will be constructed by the Myanmar Ministry of Construction. The distance between Sittwe Port and Haldia is approximately 12 hours embroil and with Vishakhapatnam it is 36 hours sail.11The cargo vessels will travel along the Kaladan River in Sittwes eastern bank to berth at Sitpyitpyin in Paletwa, where a port will be built. From the port, a highway will be constructed to the border area of Myeikwa to facilitate the flow of commodities to Mizoram, which is located about 160 km from the port. Kalewa in Myanmar will be linked with Moreh in Manipur covering a distance of 160 Km and there will also be an up gradation of the Roads Rhi-Tidim and Rhi-Falam, as part of the project. With this project the entire North East will have direct access to the South East Asia for direct trading. This will facilitate the North East region, an access to the sea route.Moreh on the NH 39 and the Indo Myanmar border is an important post where border trade is carried out. Tamu is the border town of Myanmar, which has better infrastructure facilities than at Moreh. The Chinese have benefitted from the trade as their cheap electronics, silk goods and a wide range of goods have been smuggled to the Indian market through this area. This is something which should become a cause of worry for India.Due to the location of the Sittwe port not very far from Kyakpiu port of Myanmar and Chittagong Port of Bangladesh it gains a serious geo -strategic importance with Indias presence. China is providing support to Myanmar in developing the Kyakpiu port and constructing a road and oil-gas pipeline connecting Kunming. C hina has also proposed to develop Chittagong port and Sonadia deep sea port located seven kms off the Cox Bazaar. The construction of Sittwe incidentally comes close on the heels of Myanmars elections and release of Aung Sun Swu Kyi. India, in spite of the international pressure has remained engaged with Burmese military junta since 1993 keeping in mind its strategic importance.Visit of Than Shwe. During Than Shwes visit to India in July 2010, the two nations resolved to increase trade by up to $1 billion per annum. Than Shwe expressed his satisfaction on the construction, maintenance and repair work of the Road Tamu- Kalaywa- Kalemyo connecting Moreh in Manipur to Myanmar by the Border Roads Organisation of India and thereafter handing over most of the segments to the Government of Myanmar. It will commence construction and revamping of the Road Rhi -Tiddim with financial grants from India. India agreed to give a grant of $ 10 Million for agricultural machinery and also give techni cal assistance to manufacture the same in Myanmar. India had agreed to provide assistance in the implementation of the Tamanthi and Shwezaye power projects on the Chindwin River Basin in Myanmar. A third Border Trading point will be made functional at Avankhug- Somra( Nagaland). India will provide fast inshore and offshore boats and interceptors to patrol rivers and deltas. Treaty on mutual legal assistance in criminal matters to combat transnational organized crime, terrorism, drug trafficking, money laundering and smuggling of arms and explosives was signed. Both, Oil and Natural Gas Commission Videsh and GAIL have a 30 percent stake in two gas producing blocks in Myanmar as part of consortium which is supplying the hydro carbon gas to China. They also are a part of the pipeline project which will link the two blocks to China. Than Shwe reiterated Myanmars support for Indias bid for permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council. He also conveyed his support for Indi as candidature for a non-permanent seat in the UNSC for the term 2011-2012.A strategy of increased security cooperation and a strengthened collective effort to fight the insurgents and combat terrorism along the border of the two countries was agreed upon .There is a global arms embargo on Myanmar, but India is not part of it. However there are worries that the Myanmar military may use the weapons and other military equipment, such as helicopters, sold or donated by India for the crackdown on insurgents, against ethnic civilians.Insurgency. There is close social and cultural affinity between the tribal population on both sides of the Indo- Myanmar border, particularly in Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram. The area on the Myanmar side is infested with insurgent groups camps and due to logistics and hostile terrain, the Myanmar Government has not been able to exercise sovereignty and is a constraint for anti -terror operations. There are rebel militias in the Shan State. well-nigh of the insurgent groups have been active against Yangon for over four decades. This was the reason why the Naga and the Assamese groups have been finding refuge on the Myanmar side.For many years India has faced an insurgency in the remote north-east of the country, with insurgent groups frequently operating from bases deep down Myanmar. Myanmars military co-operation with the Indian Government in dealing with these groups has been reportedly linked with an Indian government offer to supply a variety of military ironware such as tanks, aircraft, artillery guns, radar, small arms and advanced light helicopters. In April 2007 it was reported that Indian and Myanmar security forces were conducting joint military operations along the 1,643-km Indo-Myanmar border to neutralise insurgent groups.Any military operations in this region must be undertaken along with a social uplift programme,otherwise, it would be only a police action. It is doubtful whether the military regime is ready for such social action. India has been engaged in peace parleys with both factions of NSCN for some time now. Carrying out joint or closely coordinated operations in areas of their proximity without jeopardizing the peace talks will require a lot of finesse. The area of operations is astride the routes of flourishing drug trade and traffic as well as arms traffic. Vested interests, including those from the Myanmar Army and criminal elements involved in such traffic will also have to be tackled.In the month of January 2010, an agreement was signed between India and Myanmar to conduct joint military operations in North East and Myanmar against the Indian insurgents hiding in the dense jungles of Myanmar. The aim was to ensure that no insurgent can escape to the other side when face the heat on one side. The security forces were also to be more vigilant on the border against smuggling of drugs, arms and other goods.China has always been a staunch supporter of the military junta12. Myanmar ga ve China an assurance over an important crude oil pipeline and promised to maintain stability along the border after unrest in August 2009 pushed thousands of refugees into Yunnan. Indias concern over the transit, permanent and training camps and other support by Myanmar on their soil to the Indian Insurgent Groups (IIGs) including ULFA has made an affect. They have endeavored to launch counter-insurgency operations. Besides ULFA, NSCN (Khaplang), Peoples Liberation Army and United National Liberation Front from Manipur too have their camps within Myanmar territory. Some of these camps are in the Kachin province bordering China the other outfits have been operating from areas bordering India. Cross border smuggling of small arms from South East Asia and Chinas Yunnan also exists.NSCN(K) and the Myanmar Government have signed a bilateral cease fire agreement on 9April 2012.While China has long maintained a intimate relationship with Myanmar, India appears to have changed its positio n on the regime over the last decade. Indias past calls for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi as well as for a national political reconciliation process seem to have been replaced by a policy of engagement rather than sanctions as a means to exert influence over the military administration, and a new pragmatic stancewhich allows it to take advantage of new investment opportunities wherever they appear.Shift of USA Stance. United States Secretary of State Hillary Clintons two day visit in December 2011, the first of its kind after the 1950s to Myanmar has been a welcome step as compared to imposing sanctions on the Military Junta Rule. This step is primarily to shift the focus of Myanmar from China which was gaining an excessive grip over the country.USA has now shifted its focus to Asia Pacific where most countries were get concerned about the rise of China and it assertiveness. She had discussions with the President Thein Sein and Ms Aung San Suu Kyi , leader of the National League for Democracy Party.USA has lifted sanctions against Myanmar.The change in trend in Myanmar of liberalization and to have good relations with the countries of the world will have a major impact in Asia. By taking initiatives to open talks with the USA and other neighbouring countries it will be able to develop into an energy and natural resources base in the sub-continent, China and the South East Asia. Kunming, which is an important place in the Yunnan Province of China, will play an important role in South East Asia as it can become the hub of the rail and the river routes.Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of the National League for Democracy has joined the parliamentary system which has been crafted by the Generals. It is a quasi -civilian government in which a quarter of the seats are taciturn for serving military soldiers. The government under President Thein Sein is being seen as a government which will bring reforms and this can be viewed by his actions of unloosen political prisone rs, relaxation of the media control, the trade unions being legalized and the most important one being of dialogue with the ethnic minority rebels.NepalGeo Strategic Location. Nepal shares a close geographic proximity with India and China, the two acknowledged nuclear weapons states and major powers in Asia. Nepal is closer to Tibet, which is a disputed area between India and China, and is home for 12,000 Tibetans refugees. India and Nepal have signed a Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1950 which guarantees the open border. Nepals open frontier with the heartland states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal makes India extremely vulnerable. Nepals geo-strategic location is beneficial for China and India but it is a brat for Nepal, because Nepal lies between two powerful rivals. Nepal is most unlikely to face direct foreign military invasion because of its geopolitical location but its potential to become a safe haven to hostile groups is possible. Nepal has energy resources due to which it also gains importance.India Nepal MapMaoist Insurgency. Nepal has undergone major crisis since the commencement of the Maoist insurgency in 1966. This had resulted in the country being taken hostage by some state and non state actors. The effect of this has been that the agricultural production is declining, the unemployment rate has soared up to 60 percent, most of the industries are closing and there have been regular bandhs and strikes. The law and order situation has deteriorated and the common man feels unsafe, more so in the eastern hill regions of the country. In November 2006, a Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Communist Party of Nepal -Maoists (Later called UCPN- Maoists) was signed, resulting in constitution assembly election in 2008.The politico -economic state of Nepal has worsened after 2006.It has affected the balance of trade, Indian currency is not available, banking and financial institutions have failed, poor supply of electricity and supply o f petroleum products is undependable. The Government has not been able to find a solution for integrating and rehabilitating the 19000 odd Maoist insurgents. The Unified CPN- Maoists have finally joined the Government.13The United Nations Mission (UNMIN) ended their term in January 2011.They had played an important role in ensuring the ceasefire agreement with the Maoists and also supported in the conduct of the elections in 2008.China is becoming more assertive in demanding equal treatment with India in terms of the latters respective treaties with Nepal. With the Maoists now becoming a strong political force in Nepal, and habituated their ideological compulsion to be seen as drawing Nepal closer to China, coupled with their periodic ranting calculated to inflame public opinion against India, the political terrain has become more favourable for China.